A classification of the bird species of South America
South
American Classification Committee
American Ornithologists' Union
(Part
8)
Part 8. Suboscine Passeriformes, C (Tyrannidae to Pipridae) (below)
Part 1. Struthioniformes to
Ciconiiformes (click)
Part 2. Falconiformes to Charadriiformes (click)
Part 3. Columbiformes to Caprimulgiformes (click)
Part 4. Apodiformes (click)
Part 5. Trogoniformes to Piciformes (click)
Part 6. Suboscine Passeriformes, A (Eurylaimidae and Furnariidae)
(click)
Part 7. Suboscine Passeriformes, B (Thamnophilidae to Rhinocryptidae)
(click)
Part 9. Oscine Passeriformes, A (Vireonidae to Sturnidae) (click)
Part 10. Oscine Passeriformes, B (Motacillidae to Emberizidae)
(click)
Part 11. Oscine Passeriformes, C (Cardinalidae to end) (click)
Hypothetical List (click)
Hybrids and Dubious Taxa (click)
Literature Cited (click)
PASSERIFORMES
Suborder TYRANNI
(SUBOSCINES) (concluded)
TYRANNIDAE (TYRANT FLYCATCHERS) 1
Phyllomyias burmeisteri Rough-legged Tyrannulet 2, 2a, 2b
Phyllomyias virescens Greenish Tyrannulet 3, 3a
Phyllomyias reiseri Reiser's Tyrannulet 3, 3a, 4
Phyllomyias urichi Urich's Tyrannulet 3, 4
Phyllomyias sclateri Sclater's Tyrannulet 3, 5
Phyllomyias fasciatus Planalto Tyrannulet
Phyllomyias griseiceps Sooty-headed Tyrannulet 5a
Phyllomyias nigrocapillus Black-capped Tyrannulet 6
Phyllomyias cinereiceps Ashy-headed Tyrannulet 6
Phyllomyias uropygialis Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet 6
Phyllomyias plumbeiceps Plumbeous-crowned Tyrannulet 7
Phyllomyias griseocapilla Gray-capped Tyrannulet 7
Tyrannulus elatus Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet 7a
Myiopagis gaimardii Forest Elaenia 7b
Myiopagis caniceps Gray Elaenia 7c
Myiopagis olallai Foothill Elaenia 8
Myiopagis subplacens Pacific Elaenia
Myiopagis flavivertex Yellow-crowned Elaenia
Myiopagis viridicata Greenish Elaenia 8b, 8c
Elaenia flavogaster Yellow-bellied Elaenia 8e, 8f
Elaenia martinica Caribbean Elaenia 8d
Elaenia spectabilis Large Elaenia 8e, 9
Elaenia ridleyana Noronha Elaenia 9
Elaenia albiceps White-crested Elaenia 10, 10c, 10d, 10g
Elaenia parvirostris Small-billed Elaenia 10c
Elaenia mesoleuca Olivaceous Elaenia
Elaenia strepera Slaty Elaenia
Elaenia gigas Mottle-backed Elaenia 8f
Elaenia pelzelni Brownish Elaenia
Elaenia cristata Plain-crested Elaenia 10cc
Elaenia chiriquensis Lesser Elaenia 8d, 10b
Elaenia ruficeps Rufous-crowned Elaenia 10cc
Elaenia frantzii Mountain Elaenia 10a
Elaenia obscura Highland Elaenia 10a
Elaenia dayi Great Elaenia 10a, 10e
Elaenia pallatangae Sierran Elaenia 10f, 10g
Ornithion brunneicapillus Brown-capped Tyrannulet 11, 11b, 11c
Ornithion inerme White-lored Tyrannulet
Camptostoma obsoletum Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet 11d, 11e
Suiriri suiriri Suiriri Flycatcher 12
Suiriri islerorum Chapada Flycatcher 13
Mecocerculus poecilocercus White-tailed Tyrannulet 14a
Mecocerculus hellmayri Buff-banded Tyrannulet 14a
Mecocerculus stictopterus White-banded Tyrannulet
Mecocerculus leucophrys White-throated Tyrannulet 14, 14b
Mecocerculus calopterus Rufous-winged Tyrannulet
Mecocerculus minor Sulphur-bellied Tyrannulet
Anairetes nigrocristatus Black-crested Tit-Tyrant 15, 15a
Anairetes reguloides Pied-crested Tit-Tyrant 15
Anairetes alpinus Ash-breasted Tit-Tyrant
Anairetes flavirostris Yellow-billed Tit-Tyrant
Anairetes parulus Tufted Tit-Tyrant 15b
Anairetes fernandezianus Juan Fernandez Tit-Tyrant 15b
Anairetes agilis Agile Tit-Tyrant 16
Anairetes agraphia Unstreaked Tit-Tyrant 16
Serpophaga cinerea Torrent Tyrannulet
Serpophaga hypoleuca River Tyrannulet 17
Serpophaga nigricans Sooty Tyrannulet
Serpophaga subcristata White-crested Tyrannulet 18
Serpophaga munda White-bellied Tyrannulet 18, 19
Phaeomyias murina Mouse-colored Tyrannulet 20
Capsiempis flaveola Yellow Tyrannulet 21
Polystictus pectoralis Bearded Tachuri 21a, 21b, 21c
Polystictus superciliaris Gray-backed Tachuri 21a, 21b
Pseudocolopteryx sclateri Crested Doradito 43b
Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis Subtropical Doradito 22
Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana Dinelli's Doradito 22, 22a
Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris Warbling Doradito
Pseudotriccus pelzelni Bronze-olive Pygmy-Tyrant 22b, 22c
Pseudotriccus simplex Hazel-fronted Pygmy-Tyrant 22b
Pseudotriccus ruficeps Rufous-headed Pygmy-Tyrant 22d
Corythopis torquatus Ringed Antpipit 23, 23a, 24
Corythopis delalandi Southern Antpipit 23, 23a
Euscarthmus meloryphus Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant 24a
Euscarthmus rufomarginatus Rufous-sided Pygmy-Tyrant
Pseudelaenia leucospodia Gray-and-white Tyrannulet 25
Stigmatura napensis Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant 25a, 25b
Stigmatura budytoides Greater Wagtail-Tyrant 25a
Zimmerius vilissimus Paltry Tyrannulet 26, 27
Zimmerius bolivianus Bolivian Tyrannulet 26
Zimmerius cinereicapilla Red-billed Tyrannulet 26, 28, 28a, 29a
Zimmerius villarejoi Mishana Tyrannulet 29, 29a
Zimmerius gracilipes Slender-footed Tyrannulet 26, 28a, 28b
Zimmerius chrysops Golden-faced Tyrannulet 26, 26a, 30
Zimmerius viridiflavus Peruvian Tyrannulet 26
Phylloscartes poecilotis Variegated Bristle-Tyrant 31
Phylloscartes chapmani Chapman's Bristle-Tyrant 31
Phylloscartes ophthalmicus Marble-faced Bristle-Tyrant 31, 31a
Phylloscartes venezuelanus Venezuelan Bristle-Tyrant 31
Phylloscartes lanyoni Antioquia Bristle-Tyrant 32, 31b
Phylloscartes orbitalis Spectacled Bristle-Tyrant 31, 31b
Phylloscartes eximius Southern Bristle-Tyrant 31
Phylloscartes ventralis Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet 32a
Phylloscartes kronei Restinga Tyrannulet 34, 32a
Phylloscartes beckeri Bahia Tyrannulet 35, 32a
Phylloscartes virescens Olive-green Tyrannulet 32a
Phylloscartes gualaquizae Ecuadorian Tyrannulet 31c
Phylloscartes nigrifrons Black-fronted Tyrannulet 31d, 31dd
Phylloscartes superciliaris Rufous-browed Tyrannulet 31e, 36b
Phylloscartes ceciliae Alagoas Tyrannulet 33, 36b
Phylloscartes flaviventris Rufous-lored Tyrannulet 31, 36, 36a, 36b
Phylloscartes parkeri Cinnamon-faced Tyrannulet 37, 36a, 36b
Phylloscartes roquettei Minas Gerais Tyrannulet 36b
Phylloscartes paulista São Paulo Tyrannulet 38
Phylloscartes oustaleti Oustalet's Tyrannulet
Phylloscartes difficilis Serra do Mar Tyrannulet
Phylloscartes sylviolus Bay-ringed Tyrannulet 36b, 39
Mionectes striaticollis Streak-necked Flycatcher
Mionectes olivaceus Olive-striped Flycatcher
Mionectes oleagineus Ochre-bellied Flycatcher 40, 40a
Mionectes macconnelli McConnell's Flycatcher 40
Mionectes rufiventris Gray-hooded Flycatcher 40
Leptopogon amaurocephalus Sepia-capped Flycatcher 41
Leptopogon superciliaris Slaty-capped Flycatcher 41d
Leptopogon rufipectus Rufous-breasted Flycatcher 41a, 41b
Leptopogon taczanowskii Inca Flycatcher 41a
Sublegatus arenarum Northern Scrub-Flycatcher 41c, 41e, 42
Sublegatus obscurior Amazonian Scrub-Flycatcher 41f, 42
Sublegatus modestus Southern Scrub-Flycatcher 41f, 42
Inezia tenuirostris Slender-billed Tyrannulet 42a, 42aa, 42b, 42c, 42e
Inezia inornata Plain Tyrannulet 42a, 42d
Inezia subflava Amazonian Tyrannulet 43
Inezia caudata Pale-tipped Tyrannulet 43
Myiotriccus ornatus Ornate Flycatcher 43a
Tachuris rubrigastra Many-colored Rush-Tyrant 43b
Culicivora caudacuta Sharp-tailed Tyrant 44
Myiornis auricularis Eared Pygmy-Tyrant 45, 45a
Myiornis albiventris White-bellied Pygmy-Tyrant 45a, 45b
Myiornis atricapillus Black-capped Pygmy-Tyrant 46
Myiornis ecaudatus Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant 46, 46a
Oncostoma cinereigulare Northern Bentbill (V?) 45, 46b, 47
Oncostoma olivaceum Southern Bentbill 47
Lophotriccus pileatus Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant 45, 47c
Lophotriccus vitiosus Double-banded Pygmy-Tyrant 47a, 47b
Lophotriccus eulophotes Long-crested Pygmy-Tyrant 47a
Lophotriccus galeatus Helmeted Pygmy-Tyrant 48
Atalotriccus pilaris Pale-eyed Pygmy-Tyrant 45, 49, 49a
Hemitriccus minor Snethlage's Tody-Tyrant 45, 50, 50a, 50b
Hemitriccus spodiops Yungas Tody-Tyrant 50a
Hemitriccus flammulatus Flammulated Pygmy-Tyrant 53, 53a
Hemitriccus diops Drab-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant 53, 53a
Hemitriccus obsoletus Brown-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant 53, 53a
Hemitriccus josephinae Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant 54
Hemitriccus zosterops White-eyed Tody-Tyrant 51, 55, 63d, 63e
Hemitriccus griseipectus White-bellied Tody-Tyrant 51, 55, 63d
Hemitriccus orbitatus Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant 51, 63d
Hemitriccus iohannis Johannes's Tody-Tyrant 51, 56, 63d
Hemitriccus striaticollis Stripe-necked Tody-Tyrant 51, 63d, 63e
Hemitriccus nidipendulus Hangnest Tody-Tyrant 51, 63d
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant 51, 51a, 63d
Hemitriccus inornatus Pelzeln's Tody-Tyrant 57, 63d
Hemitriccus minimus Zimmer's Tody-Tyrant 51, 58
Hemitriccus granadensis Black-throated Tody-Tyrant 51, 63c, 63d
Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant 59, 60, 60a
Hemitriccus mirandae Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant 51, 51b, 60, 60a, 60b
Hemitriccus kaempferi Kaempfer's Tody-Tyrant 60, 60a
Hemitriccus rufigularis Buff-throated Tody-Tyrant 51, 63d
Hemitriccus furcatus Fork-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant 61
Poecilotriccus ruficeps Rufous-crowned Tody-Flycatcher 62, 62a
Poecilotriccus luluae Johnson's Tody-Flycatcher 62, 62b, 62c
Poecilotriccus albifacies White-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher 63, 64a, 64b
Poecilotriccus capitalis Black-and-white Tody-Flycatcher 63, 64, 64a, 64b, 65
Poecilotriccus senex Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher 63, 66
Poecilotriccus russatus Ruddy Tody-Flycatcher 63, 63b, 63d
Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Ochre-faced Tody-Flycatcher 63, 63b, 63d
Poecilotriccus fumifrons Smoky-fronted Tody-Flycatcher 63, 63c
Poecilotriccus latirostris Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher 63, 63c
Poecilotriccus sylvia Slate-headed Tody-Flycatcher 63, 63b
Poecilotriccus calopterus Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher 63, 67
Poecilotriccus pulchellus Black-backed Tody-Flycatcher 63, 67
Taeniotriccus andrei Black-chested Tyrant 68
Todirostrum maculatum Spotted Tody-Flycatcher
Todirostrum poliocephalum Gray-headed Tody-Flycatcher 69
Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody-Flycatcher
Todirostrum viridanum Maracaibo Tody-Flycatcher 70
Todirostrum nigriceps Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher 71
Todirostrum pictum Painted Tody-Flycatcher 71
Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher 71, 71a
Cnipodectes subbrunneus Brownish Twistwing 72, 72a, 72b
Cnipodectes superrufus Rufous Twistwing 72c
Rhynchocyclus olivaceus Olivaceous Flatbill 72b
Rhynchocyclus brevirostris Eye-ringed Flatbill 73
Rhynchocyclus pacificus Pacific Flatbill 73
Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus Fulvous-breasted Flatbill 73
Tolmomyias sulphurescens Yellow-olive Flycatcher 72b, 74, 74a
Tolmomyias traylori Orange-eyed Flycatcher 74, 75
Tolmomyias assimilis Yellow-margined Flycatcher 74, 76, 76a
Tolmomyias poliocephalus Gray-crowned Flycatcher 74, 74b
Tolmomyias flaviventris Yellow-breasted Flycatcher 74, 77
Platyrinchus saturatus Cinnamon-crested Spadebill
Platyrinchus mystaceus White-throated Spadebill 78, 78a
Platyrinchus coronatus Golden-crowned Spadebill
Platyrinchus flavigularis Yellow-throated Spadebill
Platyrinchus platyrhynchos White-crested Spadebill
Platyrinchus leucoryphus Russet-winged Spadebill 78b
Onychorhynchus coronatus Royal Flycatcher 79
Myiophobus flavicans Flavescent Flycatcher 43a, 80
Myiophobus phoenicomitra Orange-crested Flycatcher 80
Myiophobus inornatus Unadorned Flycatcher 80
Myiophobus roraimae Roraiman Flycatcher 80, 80a
Myiophobus pulcher Handsome Flycatcher 80, 80aa
Myiophobus lintoni Orange-banded Flycatcher 80, 80b
Myiophobus ochraceiventris Ochraceous-breasted Flycatcher 80, 80b
Myiophobus cryptoxanthus Olive-chested Flycatcher 80, 80c
Myiophobus fasciatus Bran-colored Flycatcher 80, 80c, 80d
Myiobius villosus Tawny-breasted Flycatcher
Myiobius barbatus Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher 81
Myiobius atricaudus Black-tailed Flycatcher 81a
Terenotriccus erythrurus Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher 82
Neopipo cinnamomea Cinnamon Manakin-Tyrant 83, 83a
Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus Cinnamon Flycatcher 84, 84a
Hirundinea ferruginea Cliff Flycatcher 85
Lathrotriccus euleri Euler's Flycatcher 86, 86a, 87
Lathrotriccus griseipectus Gray-breasted Flycatcher 86
Aphanotriccus audax Black-billed Flycatcher 87, 87a
Cnemotriccus fuscatus Fuscous Flycatcher 87b
Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher (NB) 88
Empidonax traillii Willow Flycatcher (NB) 89
Empidonax alnorum Alder Flycatcher (NB) 89
Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher (NB) 90, 91
Contopus fumigatus Smoke-colored Pewee 92, 92a
Contopus sordidulus Western Wood-Pewee (NB) 93, 93b, 93c
Contopus virens Eastern Wood-Pewee (NB) 93, 93b
Contopus cinereus Tropical Pewee 93a, 93b
Contopus albogularis White-throated Pewee
Contopus nigrescens Blackish Pewee 93c
Mitrephanes phaeocercus Tufted Flycatcher 94, 94a
Mitrephanes olivaceus Olive Flycatcher 94, 94a
Sayornis nigricans Black Phoebe 94b
Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher 94c
Lessonia rufa Austral Negrito 95
Lessonia oreas Andean Negrito 95
Knipolegus striaticeps Cinereous Tyrant 96
Knipolegus hudsoni Hudson's Black-Tyrant 97
Knipolegus poecilocercus Amazonian Black-Tyrant 97
Knipolegus signatus Andean Tyrant 98, 98a
Knipolegus cyanirostris Blue-billed Black-Tyrant
Knipolegus poecilurus Rufous-tailed Tyrant 98b, 98c
Knipolegus orenocensis Riverside Tyrant 98d
Knipolegus aterrimus White-winged Black-Tyrant 99
Knipolegus lophotes Crested Black-Tyrant
Knipolegus nigerrimus Velvety Black-Tyrant
Hymenops perspicillatus Spectacled Tyrant 100
Ochthornis littoralis Drab Water-Tyrant 101
Satrapa icterophrys Yellow-browed Tyrant
Muscisaxicola fluviatilis Little Ground-Tyrant 101a
Muscisaxicola maculirostris Spot-billed Ground-Tyrant
Muscisaxicola griseus Taczanowski's Ground-Tyrant 101b, 102, 102a, 103
Muscisaxicola juninensis Puna Ground-Tyrant 103a
Muscisaxicola cinereus Cinereous Ground-Tyrant 103, 103b
Muscisaxicola albifrons White-fronted Ground-Tyrant
Muscisaxicola flavinucha Ochre-naped Ground-Tyrant
Muscisaxicola rufivertex Rufous-naped Ground-Tyrant 103c
Muscisaxicola maclovianus Dark-faced Ground-Tyrant 103
Muscisaxicola albilora White-browed Ground-Tyrant 103a
Muscisaxicola alpinus Plain-capped Ground-Tyrant 103, 103aa
Muscisaxicola capistratus Cinnamon-bellied Ground-Tyrant 103, 103d
Muscisaxicola frontalis Black-fronted Ground-Tyrant 103d
Agriornis montanus Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant 104
Agriornis albicauda White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant 105
Agriornis lividus Great Shrike-Tyrant 104
Agriornis micropterus Gray-bellied Shrike-Tyrant 104
Agriornis murinus Lesser Shrike-Tyrant 104, 106
Xolmis pyrope Fire-eyed Diucon 107
Xolmis cinereus Gray Monjita 108, 108a
Xolmis coronatus Black-crowned Monjita 108, 108a
Xolmis velatus White-rumped Monjita 108
Xolmis irupero White Monjita
Xolmis salinarum Salinas Monjita 109, 110
Xolmis rubetra Rusty-backed Monjita 108, 110
Xolmis dominicanus Black-and-white Monjita 108, 111
Myiotheretes striaticollis Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant 112
Myiotheretes pernix Santa Marta Bush-Tyrant 112, 112b
Myiotheretes fumigatus Smoky Bush-Tyrant 112a, 112b
Myiotheretes fuscorufus Rufous-bellied Bush-Tyrant 112a, 112b
Cnemarchus erythropygius Red-rumped Bush-Tyrant 113
Polioxolmis rufipennis Rufous-webbed Bush-Tyrant 114
Neoxolmis rufiventris Chocolate-vented Tyrant
Gubernetes yetapa Streamer-tailed Tyrant
Muscipipra vetula Shear-tailed Gray-Tyrant
Fluvicola pica Pied Water-Tyrant 115
Fluvicola albiventer Black-backed Water-Tyrant 115
Fluvicola nengeta Masked Water-Tyrant 115a, 115b
Arundinicola leucocephala White-headed Marsh-Tyrant 116
Alectrurus tricolor Cock-tailed Tyrant
Alectrurus risora Strange-tailed Tyrant 117
Tumbezia salvini Tumbes Tyrant 118
Ochthoeca frontalis Crowned Chat-Tyrant 119, 119c, 120
Ochthoeca jelskii Jelski's Chat-Tyrant 119, 119a
Ochthoeca pulchella Golden-browed Chat-Tyrant 119, 119b, 120a
Ochthoeca diadema Yellow-bellied Chat-Tyrant 119, 120a
Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant 121
Ochthoeca rufipectoralis Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant
Ochthoeca fumicolor Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant 121a
Ochthoeca oenanthoides d'Orbigny's Chat-Tyrant
Ochthoeca piurae Piura Chat-Tyrant 120b
Ochthoeca leucophrys White-browed Chat-Tyrant 120b
Colorhamphus parvirostris Patagonian Tyrant 121c
Colonia colonus Long-tailed Tyrant
Muscigralla brevicauda Short-tailed Field-Tyrant 121b
Machetornis rixosa Cattle Tyrant 122
Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher
Myiozetetes cayanensis Rusty-margined Flycatcher
Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher 122a, 122b
Myiozetetes granadensis Gray-capped Flycatcher
Myiozetetes luteiventris Dusky-chested Flycatcher 123
Phelpsia inornata White-bearded Flycatcher 124
Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee
Pitangus lictor Lesser Kiskadee 125
Conopias albovittatus White-ringed Flycatcher 126, 126a, 127
Conopias parvus Yellow-throated Flycatcher 126, 126a, 127
Conopias trivirgatus Three-striped Flycatcher 127, 127a
Conopias cinchoneti Lemon-browed Flycatcher
Myiodynastes chrysocephalus Golden-crowned Flycatcher 127b
Myiodynastes bairdii Baird's Flycatcher
Myiodynastes luteiventris Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher (NB) 128a
Myiodynastes maculatus Streaked Flycatcher 128, 128a
Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher 129
Tyrannopsis sulphurea Sulphury Flycatcher
Empidonomus varius Variegated Flycatcher 129a
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus Crowned Slaty-Flycatcher 130
Tyrannus niveigularis Snowy-throated Kingbird
Tyrannus albogularis White-throated Kingbird
Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird
Tyrannus savana Fork-tailed Flycatcher 131
Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird (NB)
Tyrannus dominicensis Gray Kingbird
Rhytipterna holerythra Rufous Mourner 131a, 131b
Rhytipterna simplex Grayish Mourner 131a, 132
Rhytipterna immunda Pale-bellied Mourner
Sirystes sibilator Sirystes 132a, 132b
Casiornis rufus Rufous Casiornis 133, 133a, 133b
Casiornis fuscus Ash-throated Casiornis 133, 133a, 133b
Myiarchus semirufus Rufous Flycatcher 133c
Myiarchus tuberculifer Dusky-capped Flycatcher 134, 135
Myiarchus swainsoni Swainson's Flycatcher 136
Myiarchus venezuelensis Venezuelan Flycatcher 137
Myiarchus panamensis Panama Flycatcher 137, 138
Myiarchus ferox Short-crested Flycatcher 137
Myiarchus apicalis Apical Flycatcher
Myiarchus phaeocephalus Sooty-crowned Flycatcher 137, 138a
Myiarchus cephalotes Pale-edged Flycatcher 138a
Myiarchus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher (NB) 139
Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher 140
Myiarchus magnirostris Galapagos Flycatcher 140a
Ramphotrigon megacephalum Large-headed Flatbill 141, 142, 142a, 142b
Ramphotrigon ruficauda Rufous-tailed Flatbill
Ramphotrigon fuscicauda Dusky-tailed Flatbill
Attila phoenicurus Rufous-tailed Attila 143
Attila cinnamomeus Cinnamon Attila 143a
Attila torridus Ochraceous Attila 143b
Attila citriniventris Citron-bellied Attila
Attila bolivianus Dull-capped Attila 144
Attila rufus Gray-hooded Attila
Attila spadiceus Bright-rumped Attila 145
1. [relationships of family, sequence of genera]
[add subfamilies?]. Sibley & Ahlquist (1985, 1990) found that
the Tyrannidae consisted of two major groups, the "Mionectidae"
for Mionectes and several genera of small flycatchers placed
in the subfamily Elaeniinae (sensu Traylor 1979a); Sibley &
Ahlquist's data also indicated that the "Mionectidae"
and Tyrannidae were not sister groups. Subsequent analyses (S.
Lanyon 1985, W. Lanyon 1988a, b) did not support such a division.
However, Chesser (2004) found the same deep division in the Tyrannidae,
but found that the two groups were sisters. For detailed discussions
of relationships among genera, see Traylor (1977) and Lanyon (1985,
1986, 1988a, 1988b, 1988c). [incorp. Birdsley (2002), Fitzpatrick 2004].
2. Although Fitzpatrick (2004) followed Traylor's (1977, 1979a) broad
definition of Phyllomyias, he noted that this genus is
likely polyphyletic, with P. fasciatus, P. griseocapilla,
and P. griseiceps possibly forming a group unrelated to
the other species, which would force minimally the resurrection
of Tyranniscus (see Note 6).
2a. The species burmeisteri was
formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Pinto 1944, Meyer de Schauensee
1970) separated in the genus Acrochordopus based on tarsal
morphology, but Acrochordopus was merged into Phyllomyias
by Traylor (1977, 1979a). Acrochordopus was considered
to belong in the Cotingidae by (REF), but see Wetmore & Phelps
(1956).
2b. Wetmore (1972), Stiles & Skutch (1989), Sibley & Monroe
(1990), Ridgely & Tudor (1994), and Ridgely & Greenfield
(2001) recognized the northern subspecies zeledoni as a
separate species based from Phyllomyias burmeisteri on described
vocal differences; this treatment returns to earlier ones (Cory
& Hellmayr 1927, Zimmer 1941c, Phelps & Phelps 1950a)
that treated the two as separate before Meyer de Schauensee's
(1966, 1970) and Traylor's (1977<?>, 1979a) classifications.
Stiles & Skutch (1989) further recognized Andean birds as
a separate species, P. leucogonys, from Central American
P. zeledoni, returning to the classification of (REF).
Proposals needed. Elevation of these taxa to species rank was not
followed by Fitzpatrick (2004) due to lack of published analyses
of vocal differences or other data.
3. The species virescens (with urichi), reiseri
, and sclateri, were formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr
1927, Zimmer 1941b, Pinto
1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Meyer
de Schauensee 1970) placed in the genus Xanthomyias, but
this was merged into Phyllomyias by Traylor (1977, 1979a).
3a. Phyllomyias reiseri and P. virescens were considered
conspecific by Cory & Hellmayr (1927), Meyer de Schauensee
(1970), and Traylor (1977<?>, 1979a, 1982), but see Zimmer
(1955), Meyer de Schauensee (1966), and Stotz (1990)<incorp>;
they form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990), along with
P. urichi (Fitzpatrick 2004).
4. [split from virescens; Silva (1996).]; followed by Fitzpatrick
(2004).
5. Traylor (1982) showed that "Tyranniscus australis,"
considered a valid species ("Olrog's Tyrannulet") by
Meyer de Schauensee (1970), is a synonym of P. sclateri.
5a. Called "Crested Tyrannulet" in Wetmore (1972).
6. The species nigrocapillus, cinereiceps, and uropygialis
were formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Zimmer 1941b, Phelps
& Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in a separate
genus, Tyranniscus, but they were transferred to Phyllomyias
by Traylor (1977, 1979a). <check
gracilipes -- in Tyranniscus in Pinto 1944>
7. Phyllomyias plumbeiceps and P. griseocapilla were
formerly (e.g., Zimmer 1941c, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed
in a separate genus, Oreotriccus, but this was merged into
Phyllomyias by Traylor (1977, 1979a), a return to the classification
of <check
Cory & Hellmayr 1927>, Pinto
(1944).
7a. The tarsal morphology of Tyrannulus has been interpreted
to indicate that it belongs in the Cotingidae (Ridgway? REF).
Traylor (1977) considered Tyrannulus most closely related
to Myiopagis because of plumage similarities to M. gaimardii.
7b. The genus Myiopagis was formerly (e.g., Cory &
Hellmayr 1927) included in Elaenia; Zimmer (1941b) treated
the two as separate, and this has been followed in all subsequent
classifications.
7c. Hilty (2003) suspected that Myiopagis caniceps might
not belong in that genus.
7c. Ridgway (1907) considered Myiopagis gaimardii to be
in the monotypic genus Elainopsis and placed it in the
Cotingidae based on tarsal morphology, but see Zimmer (1941a)
for placement in Myiopagis.
8. Recently described: Coopmans & Krabbe (2000).
8b. Myiopagis viridicata and M. cotta of Jamaica
are sister species (Fitzpatrick 2004); they were considered conspecific
by <REF>
8c. Hilty (2003) suspected that Myiopagis viridicata might
consist of more than one species.
8d. Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested that Elaenia martinica
and E. chiriquensis were sister species.
8e. Olrog (1963) suggested that Elaenia spectabilis should
be considered conspecific with E. flavogaster.
8f. Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested that Elaenia flavogaster
and E. gigas were closely related based on vocal, behavioral,
and plumage similarities.
9. Elaenia ridleyana was formerly (e.g., Zimmer 1941a,
Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Traylor 1979a) considered a subspecies
of E. spectabilis or of E. chiriquensis (Cory &
Hellmayr 1927); treated here as a species separate from
following Sick (1985) and Ridgely & Tudor (1994); E. ridleyana
forms a superspecies with E. spectabilis (Sibley
& Monroe 1990).
10. Ridgely & Tudor (1994) suggested that Elaenia albiceps
may consist of two or three species.
10a. Elaenia frantzii and E. obscura
were considered to form a superspecies by AOU (1983) but not by
subsequent authors; they were formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr
1927) considered conspecific; Zimmer (1941a) provided rationale
for their treatment as separate species, and this has been followed
in most subsequent classifications. Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested
that E. dayi might also be closely related to these two.
10b. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) suggested that the subspecies
brachyptera might deserve recognition as a separate species
from Elaenia chiriquensis based on vocal differences.
10c. Elaenia albiceps and E. parvirostris form a
superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990). Although they seem to
intergrade in some areas of central Bolivia, they are sympatric
without interbreeding in Argentina (Traylor 1982).
10cc. Zimmer (1941a) proposed that Elaenia cristata and
E. ruficeps were probably sister species based on morphology
and habitat similarities.
10d. The subspecies modesta was formerly (REF) considered
a separate species from Elaenia albiceps, but see Zimmer
(1941a). Jaramillo (2003) suggested that E. albiceps consists
of more than one species.
10e. The subspecies tyleri of Cerro Duida was described
as a separate species from Elaenia dayi (Chapman 1929).
10f. The subspecies olivina of Mt. Roraima was formerly
(e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927) considered a separate species
from Elaenia pallatangae, but they were treated as conspecific
by Zimmer (1941a).
10g. Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested that Elaenia pallatangae
and E. albiceps might be closely related; they may hybridize
to an uncertain extent in N. Peru (Fjeldså & Krabbe
1990).
11. Ornithion brunneicapillus was formerly
(e.g., Zimmer 1941, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered conspecific
with Middle American O. semiflavum, but Slud (1964)
noted vocal differences between the two and recommended treatment
as separate species. This has been followed by most subsequent
classifications (e.g., Wetmore 1972, Traylor 1977<?>, 1979a,
Stiles & Skutch 1989, Fitzpatrick 2004), thus returning to
the classification of Cory & Hellmayr (1927); they constitute
a superspecies (AOU 1983, 1998, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Fitzpatrick
2004). Correct spelling
for species name is brunneicapillus, not brunneicapillum
(David & Gosselin 2002a).
11b. The tarsal morphology of Ornithion
has been interpreted to indicate that it belongs in the Cotingidae
(Ridgway REF).
11c. Ornithion
brunneicapillus was formerly
(e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927) placed with Middle American O.
semiflavum in a separate genus, Microtriccus, which
Zimmer (1941c) merged into Ornithion; this has been followed
by most subsequent classifications (e.g., Traylor <?>1977,
1979, Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Fitzpatrick 2004), but Wetmore
(1972) maintained Microtriccus on the basis of differences
in primary shape, rectrix shape, and relative tail length.
11d. Camptostoma obsoletum forms a superspecies with Middle American C.
imberbe (AOU 1983, 1998, Fitzpatrick 2004); Meyer de Schauensee
(1966) suggested that they might be conspecific, but they are
sympatric in Costa Rica (Stiles & Skutch 1989).
11e. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested
that Camptostoma obsoletum may consist of more than one
species.
12. Some authors (Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Short 1975, Sibley
& Monroe 1990) considered S. affinis as a species separate
from S. suiriri, but they intergrade in southeastern Bolivia,
northeastern Paraguay, and southwestern Brazil (Laubmann 1940,
Zimmer 1955, Traylor 1982, Hayes 1995, 2001). Their vocalizations
are similar (Zimmer et al. 2001), and all 17 specimens from the
Paraguayan hybrid zone are intermediate, suggesting free interbreeding
(Hayes 1995, 2001).
13. Recently described: Zimmer et al. (2001).
14. Morphological data indicate that Mecocerculus is almost
certainly polyphyletic (Lanyon 1988a), but no choice now but to
retain as is without further study. With leucophrys as
the type species for the genus, placement of the genus arbitrarily
reflects the position of M. leucophrys in Lanyon's (1988a)
phylogeny.
14a. Mecocerculus poecilocercus and M. hellmayri
form a superspecies (Fitzpatrick 2004).
14b. Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) suggested that he subspecies
pallidior of western Peru might be considered a separate
species from Mecocerculus leucophrys.
15. Anairetes nigrocristatus was formerly (e.g., Zimmer
1940b, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Traylor 1977<?>, 1979a)
considered conspecific with A. reguloides, but see Fjeldså
& Krabbe (1990) and Ridgely & Tudor (1994) for recognition
as a separate species, as was suspected was the best treatment
by Meyer de Schauensee (1966); they form a superspecies (Sibley
& Monroe 1990, Fitzpatrick 2004).
15a. Spizitornis was formerly (e.g., Oberholser 1920, Cory
& Hellmayr 1927, Zimmer 1940b) used for Anairetes,
but see <REF>, Meyer de Schauensee 1966).
15b. Genetic data (Roy et al. 1999) confirm that Anairetes
parulus and A. fernandezianus are sister species.
15b. Anairetes alpinus was formerly (e.g., reluctantly
by Zimmer 1940b) placed in the monotypic genus Yanacea,
but this was merged into Anairetes by Meyer de Schauensee
(1966, 1970).
16. Anairetes agilis and A. agraphia were formerly
(e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Traylor (1977, 1979a) placed
in a separate genus, Uromyias. Although Lanyon (1988a),
Ridgely & Tudor (1994), and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001)
maintained Uromyias on the basis of morphological and vocal
characters, Roy et al.'s (1999) genetic data found that it is
embedded within Anairetes. Anairetes agilis and
A. agraphia form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990).
17. Silva (1990) showed that "Serpophaga araguayae,"
formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a valid species
("Bananal Tyrannulet"), is actually a synonym of Myiopagis
c. caniceps.
18. Serpophaga munda is often considered a subspecies (e.g.,
Zimmer 1955, Traylor 1977<?>, 1979a, Straneck 1993) or morph
(Short 1975) of S. subcristata , but see Olrog (1963) and
Herzog (2001).
19. Zimmer (1955) and Meyer de Schauensee (1970) considered Serpophaga
griseiceps ("Gray-crowned Tyrannulet") to be a valid
species; Traylor (1979a) treated S. griseiceps as a synonym
of S. munda, but rationale was not published. Straneck
(1993) resurrected S. griseiceps as a valid species,
but see Herzog & Barnett (2004), who concluded that it likely
represents the juvenal plumage of S. munda.
20. Ridgely & Tudor (1994) noted that vocal differences suggest
that Phaeomyias murina might consist of more than one species.
Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) considered the subspecies tumbezana
(with inflava and maranonica) of southwestern Ecuador
and northwestern Peru to represent a separate species based on
differences in vocalizations. Proposal
needed.
21. The genus Capsiempis was merged into Phylloscartes
by Traylor (1977<?>, 1979a), but see Lanyon (1984) for resurrection
of the genus on morphological data, which suggest that Capsiempis
was closer to Phaeomyias and Nesotriccus than
to Phylloscartes. In terms of voice, Capsiempis
is most like Inezia (Zimmer & Whittaker 2000).
21a. The name Habrura was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr
1927, Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) used for Polystictus,
but see <REF>.
21b. Cory & Hellmayr (1927) and Fitzpatrick (2004) noted that
evidence for treatment of Polystictus pectoralis and P.
superciliaris as congeneric is weak
21c. Fitzpatrick (2004) noted that the possibly extinct subspecies
bogotensis probably deserves treatment as a separate species
from Polystictus pectoralis. Fjeldså & Krabbe
(1990) suggested that the northern subspecies brevipennis
might also deserve treatment as a separate species.
22. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Pseudocolopteryx
acutipennis and P. dinelliana to form a superspecies.
22a. Pseudocolopteryx is feminine, so the correct spelling
of the species name is dinelliana (David & Gosselin
2002b).
22b. Pseudotriccus pelzelni and P. simplex form
a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990, Fitzpatrick 2004) and
might be conspecific (Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, Fitzpatrick
2004).
22c. Called "Olive-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant" in Wetmore
(1972).
22d. Pseudotriccus ruficeps was formerly (e.g., Cory &
Hellmayr 1927) placed in the monotypic genus Caenotriccus,
but see Zimmer (1940) for its merger into Pseudotriccus.
23. See Sick (1985), Ridgely & Tudor (1994), and Fitzpatrick
(2004) for reasons for maintaining Corythopis torquatus
and C. delalandi as separate species; they form a superspecies
(Sibley & Monroe 1990).
23a. Corythopis was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1937, Meyer de Schauensee
1966) placed in the Conopophagidae, but see Ames et al. (1968)
for independent anatomical data sets that show that this species
belongs in the Tyrannidae. <Sibley-Ahlquist etc REFS>. Tello
and Bates (2007) found strong support for a sister relationship
between Corythopis and Pseudotriccus, a relationship
previously identified by morphological data (Lanyon 1988b).
24. Corythopis is masculine, so the correct spelling of
the species name is torquatus (David & Gosselin 2002b).
24a. Euscarthmus was formerly (<REF>) placed in the
Formicariidae [=Thamnophilidae] because of similarities in tarsal
scutellation.
25. Pseudelaenia leucospodia was formerly placed
in the genus Phaeomyias (e.g., Zimmer 1941b, Meyer de Schauensee
1970), Myiopagis (e.g., Traylor 1977, 1979a), or Elaenia
(e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927), but see Lanyon (1988a).
25a. Stigmatura napensis and S. budytoides were
formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Pinto 1944) considered
conspecific, and napensis was described as a subspecies
of S. budytoides; recent authors have followed Zimmer (1940b)
in treating them as separate species; they are considered to form
a superspecies by Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Fitzpatrick (2004).
25b. Stigmatura was formerly (<REF>) placed in the
Formicariidae [=Thamnophilidae] because of its superficial resemblance
to the genus Formicivora.
26. The species vilissimus, bolivianus, cinereicapilla,
gracilipes, and chrysops (with viridiflavus)
were formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Zimmer 1941b, Phelps
& Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in a separate
genus, Tyranniscus, but see Traylor (1977) for separation
in the genus Zimmerius.
26a. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) considered the subspecies
flavidifrons of southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru
to represent a separate species from Zimmerius chrysops
based on differences in voice. Proposal
needed. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001),
Krabbe & Nielsson (2003), and Fitzpatrick
(2004) also noted that the taxon albigularis from w. Ecuador
and sw. Colombia might be a species distinct from Zimmerius
chrysops.
27. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Ridgely & Tudor (1994),
followed by Hilty (2003) and Fitzpatrick (2004), considered the
South American improbus group of subspecies to be a separate
species from Zimmerius vilissimus. Proposal badly needed.
Traylor (1982) suspected that the subspecies parvus, from
Honduras to NW Colombia, should also be considered a separate
species.
27a. Called "Mistletoe Tyrannulet" in Stiles & Skutch
(1989).
28. Correct spelling
for species name is cinereicapilla (David & Gosselin
2002a).
28a. Zimmerius cinereicapilla was formerly (e.g.,
Cory & Hellmayr 1927) considered conspecific with Z. gracilipes.
28b. The subspecies acer was formerly (e.g., Cory &
Hellmayr 1927) considered a separate species from Zimmerius
gracilipes, but recent authors have followed Zimmer (1941)
in treating them as conspecific; Pinto (1944) treated them as
separate species and noted that both had been collected at Santarem,
Brazil (Gyldenstolpe 19## REF - check). Proposal needed.
29. Recently described: Alvarez-Alfonso
& Whitney (2001).
29a. Alvarez-Alfonso & Whitney (2001) considered Zimmerius cinereicapilla and Z. villarejoi to be
sister species.
30. Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970) and Traylor (1979) considered
chrysops to be a subspecies of Zimmerius viridiflavus;
see Ridgely & Tudor (1994) and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001)
for rationale for keeping Z. chrysops as a separate species,
a treatment supported by Cory & Hellmayr (1927), Zimmer (1941),
and Fitzpatrick (2004); they constitute a superspecies (Sibley
& Monroe 1990). SACC
proposal to treat Z. chrysops as conspecific with Z.
viridiflavus did not pass.
31. The species poecilotis, ophthalmicus, orbitalis,
venezuelanus, eximius, gualaquizae, and flaviventris
were formerly (e.g., Pinto
1944, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed
in the genus Pogonotriccus, but this was merged into Phylloscartes
by Traylor (1977<?>, 1979a). The species poecilotis through
eximius do form a distinctive group within the genus and thus
the English name Bristle-Tyrant is retained for them, following
Ridgely & Tudor (1994). Hilty & Brown (1986), Ridgely
& Greenfield (2001), Hilty (2003), and Fitzpatrick (2004)
retained Pogonotriccus because this group has consistent
morphological and behavioral differences from Phylloscartes;
see also Graves (1988) and Fitzpatrick & Stotz (1997)
for support for retention of Pogonotriccus. Proposal badly needed.
31a. The southern subspecies ottonis was formerly (e.g.,
Cory & Hellmayr 1927) considered a separate species from Phylloscartes
ophthalmicus.
31b. Phylloscartes lanyoni and P. orbitalis are
sister taxa (Graves 1988) that form a superspecies (Sibley &
Monroe 1990); Fitzpatrick (2004) also considered P. venezuelanus
a member of this superspecies.
31c. Phylloscartes gualaquizae, one of the former members
of Pogonotriccus (see Note 31 above), is not a member of
that group (Robbins et al. 1987, Fitzpatrick 2004).
31d. Vocal and foraging behavior suggests that Phylloscartes
nigrifrons might be most closely related to P. flaviventris
and P. parkeri (Fitzpatrick 2004).
31dd. Cory & Hellmayr (1927) placed Phylloscartes nigrifrons
in Leptopogon.
31e. Cory & Hellmayr (1927) placed Phylloscartes superciliaris
in Mecocerculus.
32. Recently described: Graves (1988).
32a. Phylloscartes ventralis is considered to form a superspecies
with Panamanian P. flavovirens (AOU 1983, Sibley
& Monroe (1990) and also P. virescens (Fitzpatrick
2004); they were all considered conspecific by Cory & Hellmayr
(1927). Phylloscartes kronei and P. beckeri are also probably
part of this species group (Fitzpatrick 2004).
33. Recently described: Teixeira (1987).
34. Recently described: Willis & Oniki (1992).
35. Recently described: Gonzaga & Pacheco (1995).
36. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Yellow-bellied
Bristle-Tyrant"; see Ridgely & Tudor (1994) for reasons
for the need for their new English name for this species.
36a. Phylloscartes flaviventris and P. parkeri form
a superspecies (Fitzpatrick and Stotz 1997, Fitzpatrick 2004).
36b. Phylloscartes ceciliae, P. superciliaris, P.
roquettei, and P. sylviolus might be closely related
to, or part of, the P. flaviventris-P. parkeri superspecies
(Fitzpatrick and Stotz 1997, Fitzpatrick 2004).
37. Recently described: Fitzpatrick and Stotz (1997).
38. Straube & Pacheco (2002) proposed that the species name
should be changed from paulistus to paulista, and
this was followed by Fitzpatrick (2004). SACC proposal passed to change to paulista.
39. Phylloscartes sylviolus
was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Pinto 1944, Meyer de Schauensee
1970) placed in the monotypic genus Leptotriccus, but this
was merged into Phylloscartes by Traylor (1977<?>,
1979a).
40. Mionectes oleagineus, M. macconnelli, and M.
rufiventris were formerly (e.g., Zimmer 1941c, Phelps &
Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in the genus Pipromorpha,
but this was merged into Mionectes by Traylor (1977, 1979),
as first proposed by van Rossem (1938), and a merger supported
by morphological data (Ames 1971, Lanyon 1988a; cf. Zimmer 1941c);
Wetmore (1972) tentatively maintained Pipromorpha on the
basis of plumage differences, evident even in juvenal plumage,
and primary shape in adult males. SACC proposal to resurrect Pipromorpha did
not pass. New genetic data (Miller et
al. 2008) are consistent with resurrecting Pipromorpha
as a genus-level taxon; the three species of Pipromorpha
form a monophyletic group that shows a 14% sequence divergence
(cytochrome b) from the other two. SACC proposal to reinstate Pipromorpha did
not pass.
40a. Apparently parapatric populations of some populations of
M. oleagineus show no signs of gene flow between them,
suggesting that more than one species may be involved (Miller
et al. 2008)
41. Linear sequence of species in Leptopogon follows Bates
& Zink (1994), who showed that genetic data indicate that
the lowland species amaurocephalus is basal in the group,
and the highest-elevation species are most recently derived.
41a. Leptopogon rufipectus and L. taczanowskii are
sister species (Zimmer 1941c) that form a superspecies (Parker
et al. 1985, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Fitzpatrick 2004).
41b. Leptopogon rufipectus was formerly (e.g., Cory &
Hellmayr 1927, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) known as L. erythrops,
but see <REF>.
41c. Traylor (1977) considered Sublegatus so closely related
to Elaenia, as reflected in their traditional placement
in linear sequences, that they might be considered congeneric,
but syringeal morphology (Lanyon 1988a) does not support a close
relationship.
41d. Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested that further study might show
that the distinctive southern subspecies albidiventris
might be a separate species from Leptopogon superciliaris.
41e. Called "Mangrove Scrub Flycatcher" in Haverschmidt
& Mees (1994).
41f. Haverschmidt & Mees (1994), who treated Sublegatus
obscurior as a subspecies of S. modestus, called the
composite species "Forest Scrub Flycatcher".
42. All Sublegatus were formerly considered conspecific
(e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Meyer de Schauensee 1970), with
the composite species called "Scrub Flycatcher." Species
limits in Sublegatus have been fluid and confusing, including
different treatments by the same author (e.g., Traylor 1977<?>,
1979a vs. Traylor 1982); Zimmer (1941b) considered the taxon glaber,
currently treated as a subspecies of S. modestus, to be
a separate species that included S. obscurior (and also
the subspecies orinocensis, and pallens, as well
as the taxa peruvianus and sordidus, which were
considered synonyms of S. obscurior by Traylor 1979a);
see also Fitzpatrick (2004). Seasonal movements may also complicate
evidence of sympatry (Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Traylor 1982).
Vocal differences exist among the three taxa recognized as species
here, but formal analysis and additional research badly needed.
See Ridgely & Tudor (1994) for a synopsis.
42a. The genus Inezia is likely polyphyletic (Fitzpatrick
2004).
42aa. Short (1975) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Inezia
tenuirostris and I. inornata to form a superspecies.
42b. The tarsal morphology of Inezia has been interpreted
to indicate that it belongs in the Cotingidae (Ridgway 1907? REF).
42c. Inezia tenuirostris was formerly (e.g.,
Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) placed in
Phaeomyias, but see Zimmer (1955).
42d. Inezia inornata was formerly (e.g.,
Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Pinto
1944, Smith 1971) placed in Serpophaga,
but see Parkes (1973) and Lanyon (1988a).
43. Inezia caudata was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1944, Phelps
& Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Traylor 1977<?>,
1979a, Ridgely & Tudor 1994) considered a subspecies of I.
subflava, with the composite species known as "Pale-tipped
Tyrannulet"; Zimmer & Whittaker (2000) showed that caudata
merits recognition as a separate species based on vocal differences.
(They also recommended use
of "Inezia" as English name, which is novel but has
an appeal. Proposal needed?)
43a. The intrafamilial relationships of the distinctive genus
Myiotriccus are uncertain; <REF?> and Fitzpatrick
(2004) proposed that it was most closely related to Myiophobus
based on cranial, plumage, and nest characters.
43b. The intrafamilial relationships of the distinctive genus
Tachuris are uncertain; <REF cited by Fitzpatrick 2004>
proposed that it was most closely related to Pseudocolopteryx.
44. Fitzpatrick (2004) summarized the unique characters of Culicivora
and suggested that it was closest to Polystictus based
on plumage, bill morphology, behavior, and habitat.
44a. Called "Sharp-tailed Grass-Tyrant" by Ridgely &
Tudor (1994). Proposal
needed?
45. Lanyon (1988b) used syringeal and skull morphology to propose
that the genera Myiornis through Onychorhynchus
represented a monophyletic group, the "flatbills." Birdsley
(2002) questioned the monophyly of the group based on an analysis
of morphological and behavioral data. Genetic data (Tello and
Bates 2007) indicate that the flatbills are monophyletic if Platyrinchus
and Onychorhynchus are removed. Within the flatbills, Myiornis
was merged into Hemitriccus by Lanyon (1988b) based on
syringeal morphology, and this merger is supported by the genetic
data of Tello and Bates (2007), who also found that Lophotriccus
was paraphyletic with respect to Oncostoma, and that Hemitriccus
was paraphyletic with respect to these two genera and Atalotriccus.
Although further taxon-sampling needed, a case could be made that
these five genera should be combined (Hemitriccus has priority).
Proposal needed?
45a. Although Meyer de Schauensee (1970) considered Myiornis
albiventris to be a subspecies of M. auricularis, this
was not followed by previous (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927,
Zimmer 1940) or subsequent authors; they are considered to form
a superspecies by Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Fitzpatrick (2004).
45b. Called "White-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant" in Meyer de
Schauensee (1966) and Parker et al. (1982).
46. Myiornis atricapillus was formerly (e.g., Zimmer 1940,
Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a subspecies of M. ecaudatus,
but most recent classifications have followed Wetmore (1972) in
considering the evidence insufficient for treatment as conspecific,
thus returning to the classification of Ridgway (1907) and Cory
& Hellmayr (1927); they constitute a superspecies (AOU 1983,
Sibley & Monroe 1990, Fitzpatrick 2004). Proposal needed?
46a. Myiornis was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1907, Cory &
Hellmayr 1927, Pinto
1944) treated in a separate genus, Perissotriccus,
but this was merged into Myiornis by Zimmer (1940); this
has been followed by most subsequent authors, but not by Wetmore
(1972), who maintained Perissotriccus on the basis of differences
in wing shape, bill shape, relative tail length, and extent of
rictal bristles.
46b. The authenticity of a specimen from northern Colombia (Romero
& Rodriguez 1965) was questioned by Ridgely & Tudor (1994)
and Fitzpatrick (2004); examination of the specimen by F. G. Stiles
confirmed the identification. Whether this record represents a
wandering individual or sympatry with O. olivaceum cannot
yet be determined. SACC
proposal passed to remove this species from the Hypothetical List
and to add it to the main list.
47. Oncostoma cinereigulare and O. olivaceum
form a superspecies (AOU 1983, 1998, Sibley & Monroe 1990,
Fitzpatrick 2004); they were considered conspecific by Cory &
Hellmayr (1927).
47a. Lophotriccus vitiosus and L. eulophotes form
a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were treated as
conspecific by Cory & Hellmayr (1927) and Pinto (1944).
47b. The subspecies congener was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927,
Pinto 1944) considered a separate species from Lophotriccus vitiosus, but see Meyer de Schauensee
(1966).<Zimmer>
47c. The name squamaecristatus was previously considered
to have priority over pileatus (e.g., Ridgway 1907).
48. Lophotriccus galeatus was formerly (e.g., Phelps &
Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in the monotypic
genus Colopteryx (based on its unusually narrow outer primaries),
but this was merged into Lophotriccus by Traylor (1977,
1979a).
49. Lanyon (1988b) recommended that Atalotriccus be merged
into Lophotriccus, and this was followed by AOU (1998);
however, see Ridgely & Tudor (1994) for reasons to maintain
as separate genus until relationships are resolved.
49a. Called "Light-eyed Pygmy-Tyrant" in Wetmore (1972).
50. Hemitriccus minor was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr
1927, Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
placed in the genus Snethlagea (based on bill morphology),
but this was merged into Hemitriccus by Traylor (1977,
1979).
50a. Cohn-Haft (1996) provided morphological and vocal evidence
for treating Hemitriccus minor and H. spodiops as
sister species.
50b. Hemitriccus as defined by Traylor (1979) and used
here is likely paraphyletic with respect to Lophotriccus
(Cohn-Haft 1996) and perhaps Atalotriccus and Oncostoma.
51. The species spodiops, zosterops (with griseipectus),
orbitatus, striaticollis (with iohannis),
nidipendulus, margaritaceiventer, minimus
(as "aenigma"), granadensis, mirandae
(with kaempferi), and rufigularis were formerly
(e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in the genus Idioptilon,
but recent classifications have followed Traylor (1977, 1979)
in merging Idioptilon into Hemitriccus.
51a. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Hilty (2003) suspected
that Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer might consist
of more than one species; Cory & Hellmayr (1927) treated the
subspecies impiger and septentrionalis both as separate
species, and Chapman (1929) described the subspecies duidae
as a species; all were considered conspecific with H. margaritaceiventer
by Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970).
51b. Hemitriccus mirandae was formerly (e.g., Cory &
Hellmayr 1927) placed in Todirostrum.
52. [Cohn-Haft (1996) ...
.]
53. Hemitriccus flammulatus, H. diops, and H.
obsoletus form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990);
they were treated as conspecific by Cory & Hellmayr (1927)
and Pinto (1944), but most recent authors have followed Zimmer (1940)
and Meyer de Schauensee (1966) in treating them as separate species.
53a. These three Hemitriccus were called "Bamboo-Tyrants"
by Ridgely & Tudor (1994). Proposal
needed?
54. Hemitriccus josephinae was formerly (e.g., Meyer de
Schauensee 1970) placed in monotypic genus Microcochlearius,
but recent classifications have followed Traylor (1977, 1979a)
in merging this into Hemitriccus.
55. Hemitriccus griseipectus was formerly (e.g., Meyer
de Schauensee 1970, Traylor 1977<?>, 1979a, <check R-T>)
considered conspecific with H. zosterops, but see
Cohn-Haft et al. (1997) for rationale for treatment as separate
species, thus returning to the classification of Cory & Hellmayr
(1927).
56. Hemitriccus iohannis was formerly (e.g., Cory
& Hellmayr 1927, Zimmer 1940, Pinto 1944, Meyer de Schauensee
1970) considered a subspecies of H. striaticollis,
but see Traylor (1982) for rationale for recognition as a separate
species.
57. Hemitriccus inornatus was considered a doubtful
species by Meyer de Schauensee (1966).
57a. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer
and H. inornatus to form a superspecies.
58. For use of minimus instead of aenigma, see Stotz
(1992).
58a. Hemitriccus minimus was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927) placed
in the genus Snethlagea, but
this was merged into Hemitriccus by Traylor (1977, 1979),
who also considered it a subspecies of Hemitriccus (Snethlagea)
minor, following Zimmer (1940). See also Note 50.
59. Recently described: Fitzpatrick & O'Neill (1979).
60. Hemitriccus kaempferi was described as and formerly
(e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a subspecies of H.
mirandae; for recognition of kaempferi as a species
separate from mirandae, see Fitzpatrick (1976) and Fitzpatrick
& O'Neill (1979).
60a. Fitzpatrick & O'Neill (1979), Sibley & Monroe (1990),
and Fitzpatrick (2004) considered Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus,
H. mirandae, and H. kaempferi to form a superspecies.
60b. Hemitriccus mirandae was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Pinto 1944) placed in the genus Todirostrum.
61. Hemitriccus furcatus was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in the monotypic
genus Ceratotriccus (based on tail structure), but this
was merged into Hemitriccus by Traylor (1977, 1979a). Thus,
it was renamed "Fork-tailed Tody-Tyrant" by Ridgely
& Tudor (1994). [proposal
needed -- keep
Pygmy-Tyrant to emphasize how distinctive the species is within
the genus ... as in Fitzpatrick 2004??].
Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested that H. furcatus was most
closely related to the H. mirandae superspecies.
62. Poecilotriccus ruficeps and P. luluae form a
superspecies (Parker et al. 1985, <>Johnson and Jones 2001,
Fitzpatrick 2004).
62a. Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested that Poecilotriccus ruficeps
might consist of two or more species-level taxa.
62b. Recently described: Johnson and Jones (2001).
62c. Johnson and Jones suggested "Lulu's Tody-Tyrant"
for the English name. The logical "Rufous-headed" is
sort-of "preoccupied" in Pseudotriccus pygmy-tyrants.
SACC proposal passed
to make the English name "Johnson's Tody-Tyrant", in
honor of its recently deceased describer, Ned. K. Johnson. "Johnson's Tody-Tyrant" also adopted by
Fitzpatrick (2004).
63. The species albifacies, capitalis, senex,
russatus, plumbeiceps, fumifrons, latirostris,
sylvia, chrysocrotaphus, and calopterus were
formerly (e.g., Cory
& Hellmayr 1927, Meyer de Schauensee
1970, Traylor 1977<?>, 1979a) placed in Todirostrum,
but Lanyon (1988b) provided morphological evidence for their transfer
to Poecilotriccus. Note that the English names of former
Todirostrum exported to Poecilotriccus did not change
from "Tody-Flycatcher" to "Tody-Tyrant." Proposal to change them needed?
<Or better to leave as
is for the sake of stability and to encode into the English name
their former placement in Todirostrum?>
Tello and Bates (2007) found that (with limited taxon-sampling)
Poecilotriccus + Todirostrum forms the sister group
to all other tody-tyrants. SACC
proposal passed to change English names of all Poecilotriccus to
"Tody-Flycatcher."
63a. The northern subspecies schistaceiceps was formerly
(e.g., Ridgway 1907) considered a separate species from P.
sylvia.
63b. Poecilotriccus russatus and P. plumbeiceps
form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990, Fitzpatrick 2004).
63c. Poecilotriccus latirostris and P. fumifrons
form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990, Fitzpatrick 2004).
63d. Hemitriccus spodiops, H. zosterops, H. griseipectus,
H. orbitatus, H. striaticollis, H. iohannis,
H. nidipendulus, H. margaritaceiventer, H. inornatus,
H. granadensis, and H. rufigularis, and Poecilotriccus
russatus and P. plumbeiceps were all formerly (e.g.,
Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Zimmer 1940, Pinto 1944, Phelps &
Phelps 1950a) placed in the genus Euscarthmornis, now included
in Hemitriccus; see Zimmer (1953b) for the use of Idioptilon
over Euscarthmornis, where they were transferred by Meyer
de Schauensee (1966), except for Poecilotriccus russatus
and P. plumbeiceps, which were transferred by Zimmer (1940)
to Todirostrum. Traylor (1977<?>, 1979b) then merged
Idioptilon into Hemitriccus.
63e. Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested that Hemitriccus grandensis
might consist of more than one species-level taxa, and that it
might be most closely related to the Hemitriccus mirandae
superspecies.
63f. Hemitriccus zosterops was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927) considered a subspecies
of H. striaticollis, but <Zimmer REF?> provided rationale for treating zosterops
as a separate species.
64. Included in Poecilotriccus capitalis is Todirostrum
tricolor, considered a valid species by Traylor (1979b), but
tricolor may not even be a valid subspecies; see Parker
et al. (1997) and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001).
64a. Poecilotriccus capitalis and P. albifacies
have been considered conspecific (Fitzpatrick 1976), but see Traylor
& Fitzpatrick (1982) for rationale for treating them as separate
species.
64b. Poecilotriccus albifacies was considered a synonym
of "P. tricolor" by Fitzpatrick (1976) and Traylor
(1979b), but "P. tricolor" is now considered
a dubious taxon; see Traylor & Fitzpatrick (1982).
65. See
David & Gosselin (2002a) for why the species name is capitalis
rather than capitale.
66. Poecilotriccus (Todirostrum/Platyrinchus) senex
was considered a dubious taxon by Meyer de Schauensee (1970),
but see Fitzpatrick (1976).
67. Poecilotriccus pulchellus was formerly (e.g., Zimmer
1940, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Traylor 1979b, Dickinson 2003)
considered conspecific with P. calopterus, but see
Ridgely & Tudor (1994) for rationale for treating it as a
separate species, thus returning to the classification of Cory
& Hellmayr (1927); they form a superspecies (Sibley &
Monroe 1990, Fitzpatrick 2004).
68. Traylor (1977, 1979a) and Lanyon (1988b) merged Taeniotriccus
into Poecilotriccus, but see Ridgely & Tudor (1994)
and Fitzpatrick (2004) for reasons to maintain as monotypic genus
until more data are available.
69. Called "Yellow-lored Tody-Flycatcher" in Ridgely
& Tudor (1994). Proposal
needed?
70. Todirostrum viridanum was formerly (e.g., Phelps &
Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered conspecific
with T. cinereum, but recent authors (e.g., Hilty 2003,
Fitzpatrick 2004) tend to follow Meyer de Schauensee & Phelps
(1978) in treating them as separate species, thus returning to
the classification of Cory & Hellmayr (1927); see caveats
in Ridgely & Tudor (1994); they form a superspecies (AOU 1983,
Sibley & Monroe 1990). Proposal
needed?
71. Todirostrum nigriceps, T. pictum, and T.
chrysocrotaphum form a superspecies (Fitzpatrick 1976, 2004,
Sibley & Monroe 1990). Zimmer (1940) considered nigriceps
and pictum as subspecies of T. chrysocrotaphum,
and this was followed by Phelps & Phelps (1950a) and Meyer
de Schauensee (1970), with the composite species called "Painted
Tody-Flycatcher." Recent treatments usually follow Wetmore
(1972), Fitzpatrick (1976), and Traylor (1977<?>, 1979a)
in ranking all three as a species, thus returning to the classification
of Cory & Hellmayr (1927).
71a. The subspecies guttatum was formerly (e.g., Cory &
Hellmayr 1927) considered a separate species from T. chrysocrotaphum,
but most classifications have followed Zimmer (1940) in treating
them as conspecific.
72. Zimmer (1939c) pointed out that the toe structure of Cnipodectes
subbrunneus suggests a relationship to the Pipridae, not Tyrannidae.
72a. Called "Brownish Flycatcher" by Eisenmann (1955),
Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970), Ridgely (1976), Parker et al.
(1982), AOU (1983, 1998), Hilty & Brown (1986), Sibley &
Monroe (1990), and Dickinson (2003), in addition to most older
literature; called "Brown Flycatcher" in Wetmore (1972).
Ridgely & Tudor (1994) introduced the novel name "Twistwing",
and this was followed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), Hilty
(2003) and Fitzpatrick (2004). SACC
proposal to change English name did not pass.
SACC proposal to change
English name passed on second try after description of C. superrufus.
72b. Genetic data (Tello and Bates 2007) indicate that Tolmomyias
and Rhynchocyclus are sister genera, as reflected in their
traditional linear classification, and that Cnipodectes
may be the sister genus to these two.
72c. Newly described: Lane et al. (2007). SACC proposal passed to recognize C. superrufus.
73. Rhynchocyclus pacificus was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Traylor 1977<?>,
1979a) considered a subspecies of R. brevirostris, but
Zimmer (1939a) treated it as a separate species and noted that
it is probably more closely related to R. fulvipectus;
it was treated as a species by Ridgely & Tudor (1994) and
AOU (1998), the latter of whom considered R. brevirostris
and R. pacificus to form a superspecies.
74. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) used the English group name
"Flatbill" for the species of Tolmomyias, returning
to a name used by Cory & Hellmayr (1925). Proposal needed?
74a. The AOU (1998), Hilty (2003), and Fitzpatrick (2004) suggested
that Tolmomyias sulphurescens almost certainly consists
of multiple species.
74n. Cory & Hellmayr (1927) treated the subspecies klagesi
as a separate species from Tolmomyias poliocephalus,
but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966).
75. Recently described: Schulenberg & Parker (1997).
76. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), followed by Hilty (2003),
considered populations of Central America and trans-Andean South
America to represent a separate species, T. flavotectus;
they restricted the name "Yellow-margined Flycatcher/Flatbill"
to the latter and called the Amazonian species "Zimmer's
Flatbill." Proposal
needed. The latter is also likely to
consist of more than one species (see Ridgely & Greenfield
2001). Fitzpatrick (2004) concluded that further research was
needed before any changes are made to current species limits.
76a. Tolmomyias assimilis was formerly (e.g., Cory &
Hellmayr 1927) considered a subspecies of T. sulphurescens,
but Zimmer (1939a) provided rationale for considering it a separate
species, and for treatment of Central American flavotectus,
considered a separate species by Cory & Hellmayr (1927), as
a subspecies of T. assimilis. Zimmer (1939a), followed
by Pinto (1944), considered flavotectus to have priority
over assimilis as the species name, but see <>.
77. Tolmomyias flaviventris almost certainly involves more
than one species; see Bates et al. (1992) and Ridgely & Tudor
(1994). The subspecies viridiceps is almost certainly a
distinct species, and was so considered by Ridgely et al. (2001)
and Hilty (2003). However, Zimmer (1939a) considered them conspecific
because the subspecies he considered the subspecies subsimilis
and dissors to represent taxa that were intermediate between
the two, and this treatment was followed by Fitzpatrick (2004)
in the absence of published data supporting a split. Proposal needed.
78. Ridgway (1907) used the genus name Platytriccus for
Platyrinchus.
78a. Middle American Platyrinchus cancrominus was
formerly (e.g., Zimmer 1939c, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) treated
as a subspecies of P. mystaceus, but they are locally sympatric
in Costa Rica and differ in vocalizations (Slud 1964. Stiles &
Skutch 1989), as formerly treated by Cory & Hellmayr (1927);
they form a superspecies (AOU 1983, 1998, Sibley & Monroe
1990).
78a. The northern albogularis group was considered a separate
species from Platyrinchus mystaceus by Olson (1993a).
Proposal needed.
78b. Platyrinchus leucoryphus was called P. platyrhynchos
in Cory & Hellmayr (1927); see Meyer de Schauensee (1966)
for the potentially confusing nomenclature of these species.
79. Ridgway (1907), Cory & Hellmayr (1927), and Pinto (1944) considered
the four subspecies groups as separate species: mexicanus
of Middle America and northwestern Colombia, occidentalis
of western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, coronatus of
Amazonia, and swainsoni of southeastern Brazil. Meyer de
Schauensee (1966, 1970) and considered them all as conspecific
without providing justification, and this was followed by Traylor
(1977<?>, 1979b), AOU (1983, 1998), Sibley & Monroe
(1990), Fitzpatrick (2004), and Ridgely & Tudor (1994), who
provided rationale for their continued treatment as conspecific,
but not by Wetmore (1972), who considered the evidence insufficient
for the broad treatment. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Hilty
(2003) returned to the classification of Cory & Hellmayr (1927).
Collar et al. (1992) considered occidentalis as a separate
species. See Whittingham & Williams (2000) for analysis and
discussion of morphological characters. Proposal needed.
80. Morphological data strongly suggest that Myiophobus
is a polyphyletic genus (Lanyon 1988a), but no choice but to retain
intact for now. Placement in linear sequence here arbitrarily
assigned where type species of the genus falls in Lanyon's (1988a)
phylogeny. There are three species groups that are each evidently
monophyletic but the groups themselves may not be each others'
closest relatives: (1) M. flavicans, M. phoenicomitra,
M. inornatus, and M. roraimae; (2)
M. lintoni and M. ochraceiventris;
and (3) M. cryptoxanthus and M. fasciatus;
placement of M. pulcher is uncertain (Fitzpatrick
2004).
80a. The southern subspecies rufipennis, described as a
separate species from M. roraimae, was considered conspecific
with M. roraimae by Meyer de Schauensee (1966) without
providing rationale, despite their greatly disjunct ranges, and
subsequent authors have followed Meyer de Schauensee (1966).
80aa. The subspecies bellus of the eastern slope of the
Andes and Eastern and Central Cordilleras of Colombia has a longer
tail and wing to other subspecies (though not 100% diagnostically)
and differs in plumage from nominate Myiophobus pulcher
of the West slope (Salaman et al. 2002, Donegan et al. 2007).
Some calls may also differ, although a thorough vocal study is
warranted (Donegan et al. 2007).
80b. Myiophobus lintoni and M. ochraceiventris form
a superspecies (Parker et al. 1985, Sibley & Monroe 1990).
80c. Myiophobus fasciatus and M. cryptoxanthus form
a superspecies (Parker et al. 1985, Sibley & Monroe 1990);
they were considered conspecific by Cory & Hellmayr (1927),
but see Zimmer (1939c) for rationale for their treatment as separate
species.
80d. The subspecies rufescens of arid western Peru and
northern Chile was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927) considered
a separate species from Myiophobus fasciatus, but Zimmer
(1939c) and Koepcke (1961) reported specimens that showed signs
of intergradation between rufescens and M. f. crypterythrus
(cf. Ridgely & Tudor 1994); thus, Meyer de Schauensee
(1966) considered them conspecific, and this has been followed
by subsequent authors. Jaramillo (2003), however, suggested that
rufescens should be considered a separate species.
81. Cory & Hellmayr (1927), Wetmore (1972), and the AOU (1983,
1998) treated the sulphureipygius group as a separate species
from Myiobius barbatus, but see Zimmer (1939b) and Ridgely
& Tudor (1994) for rationale for continued treatment as conspecific;
however, Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) returned to AOU classification,
followed by Hilty (2003) and Fitzpatrick (2004), with the name
"Whiskered Flycatcher" applied to the Amazonian barbatus
group. SACC proposal
pending to treat sulphureipygius as separate species. The subspecies
mastacalis of southeastern Brazil was formerly (e.g., REF)
treated as a separate species, but see Zimmer (1939b). SACC proposal pending to treat masatcalis
as separate species.
81a. The subspecies ridgwayi of southeastern Brazil was
formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927) considered a separate
species from Myiobius atricaudus, but they were treated
as conspecific by Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and subsequent classifications.
Parker et al. (1996) implied that ridgwayi deserved treatment
as a separate species. SACC
proposal pending to treat ridgwayi as separate species.
82. Lanyon (1988c) and Mobley & Prum (1995) merged Terenotriccus
into Myiobius based on morphological data, followed by
Sibley & Monroe (1990), but differences in voice and behavior
have resulted in continued treatment in monotypic genus (Ridgely
& Tudor 1994, AOU 1998, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Hilty
2003). Proposal needed?
83. Neopipo cinnamomea was formerly (e.g., <check Hellmayr>,
Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
placed in the Pipridae ("Cinnamon Manakin"); placement
in Tyrannidae follows Mobley and Prum (1995).
83a. Called "Cinnamon Tyrant-Manakin" in Sibley &
Monroe (1990), "Cinnamon Tyrant" in Mobley & Prum
(1995), Fitzpatrick (2004), and Schulenberg et al. (2007), and
"Cinnamon Neopipo" in Ridgely & Greenfield (2001)
and Hilty (2003), thus perhaps setting a new temporal record for
lack of stability in an English name. SACC proposal to change English name to "Cinnamon
Neopipo" did not pass. SACC proposal to change to "Cinnamon
Tyrant" did not pass. SACC proposal passed to change to
"Cinnamon Manakin-Tyrant."
84. The northern subspecies vieillotioides was formerly
(e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927) considered a separate species
from Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus, but see Zimmer (1939c).
84a. Pyrrhomyias is masculine, so the correct spelling
of the species name is cinnamomeus (David & Gosselin
2002b).
85. The southern and eastern bellicosa group was formerly
(e.g., Cory & Hellmayr
1927) considered a separate species
from Hirundinea ferruginea,, but they were considered
conspecific by <Zimmer> Meyer de Schauensee (1966). Sibley and Monroe
(1990) followed Cory
& Hellmayr (1927) in treating them as separate species.
86. Species in the genus Lathrotriccus were formerly (e.g.,
Cory & Hellmayr
1927, Zimmer 1939b, Pinto 1944, Meyer
de Schauensee 1970, Haverschmidt & Mees 1994) included in
Empidonax, but see Zink & Johnson (1984), Lanyon &
Lanyon (1986) and Cicero & Johnson (2002). <check latter to see if griseipectus
sampled -- if not cite R&T 94, Parker et al. 95 for inclusion
in L. rather than E.>
86a. The lawrencei subspecies group (with johnstoni)
was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Pinto 1944) considered
as a separate species from Lathrotriccus euleri; Zimmer
(1939b) provided rationale for treating them as conspecific.
87. Genetic data indicate that Aphanotriccus and Lathrotriccus
are sister genera and that Cnemotriccus is the sister to
Aphanotriccus + Lathrotriccus (Lanyon & Lanyon
1986, Cicero & Johnson 2002); this relationship is consistent
with the morphological and ecological data of Lanyon (1986).
87a. Aphanotriccus audax was formerly (e.g., Cory &
Hellmayr 1927) placed in the genus Praedo, but most subsequent
classifications have followed Griscom (1935) and Traylor (1979)
in merging this into Aphanotriccus; Wetmore (1972) maintained
recognition of Praedo because of differences in extent
of rictal bristles.
87b. Pronounced vocal differences indicate that Cnemotriccus
fuscatus consists of more than one species (Hilty 2003).
88. Genetic data indicate that Empidonax and Contopus
are sister genera and that Mitrephanes is the sister to
Empidonax + Contopus (Lanyon & Lanyon 1986,
Cicero & Johnson 2002).
89. Empidonax traillii and E. alnorum were
formerly (e.g., Cory
& Hellmayr 1927, Meyer de Schauensee
1970) considered conspecific ("Traill's Flycatcher"),
but Stein (1958, 1963) showed that they were vocally distinguishable,
reproductively isolated species.
90. Contopus cooperi was formerly (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
placed in a monotypic genus Nuttallornis, but its merger
into Contopus by Traylor (1977, 1979b) has been followed
by all subsequent authors. <check
recent genetic data for support, Zink-Johnson-Cicero papers>.
91. The correct species epithet was shown to be cooperi,
not borealis as in most recent literature (or mesoleucus,
as in Cory & Hellmayr 1927), by Banks and Browning (1995).
91a. Called "Boreal Pewee" in Sibley & Monroe (1990).
92. Contopus fumigatus formerly (e.g., Zimmer 1939b, Meyer
de Schauensee 1970, Traylor 1979b) included the Middle American
taxa now generally considered separate species (C. pertinax
and C. lugubris; e.g., AOU 1983, 1998, Ridgely & Tudor
1994) following Cory
& Hellmayr (1927) and Wetmore (1972);
they constitute a superspecies (AOU 1983, 1998, Sibley & Monroe
1990). No formal analysis has been published. Proposal needed? Meyer
de Schauensee (1970) used "Greater Pewee" for the composite
species.
92a. The name formerly (e.g.,
Cory & Hellmayr 1927) used for the Contopus known from South America except C. cooperi was
Myiochanes, but see <REF>.
93. Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970)
considered Contopus sordidulus to be conspecific with Contopus
virens, with the composite name "Wood Pewee", but
this treatment has seldom been followed, before (e.g., AOU 1957)
or after (e.g., Traylor 1977<?>, 1979b); see, for example,
Rising & Schueler (1980).
93x. Contopus sordidulus was called C. richardsonii
in much early literature (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Phelps
& Phelps 1950a), but see Phillips and Parkes (1955) for why
the latter applies to Sayornis phoebe.
93a. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Contopus cinereus
to form a superspecies with C. sordidulus and C. virens.
93b. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) considered the subspecies
punensis of southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru
to represent a separate species from Contopus cinereus
based on vocal differences. Proposal
needed.
93c. Cory & Hellmayr (1927) considered Contopus nigrescens
to be a subspecies of C. cinereus.
94. Mitrephanes olivaceus is often (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1927, Zimmer
1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, AOU
1983, 1998) considered conspecific with M. phaeocercus,
but see Webster (1968). Proposal
needed? They constitute a superspecies
(Sibley & Monroe 1990).
94a. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) called these two species
"Northern Tufted-Flycatcher" and "Olive Tufted-Flycatcher."
Proposal needed.
94b. The South American latirostris subspecies group was
considered a separate species from northern Sayornis nigricans
by (REFS <