A classification of the bird species of South America
South American
Classification Committee
American Ornithologists' Union
HYPOTHETICAL LIST
(eventually to be split into at least two parts, one for well-documented published sight records, one for dubious/undocumented records).
This is a list of species reported from South America not supported by published or archived tangible evidence, or exotic species for which the evidence for being established is not conclusive.
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Literature Cited (click)
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Anser albifrons Greater White-fronted Goose: Photograph from Aruba examined by Voous (1983), but the photograph was not published and evidently not archived.
Anser caerulescens Snow Goose: Sight records from Trinidad (ffrench 1991).
Anas platyrhynchos Mallard: Sight
record from Bonaire (Voous 1985). Introduced populations are reported in
Colombia and elsewhere in South America, with a photograph published (Salaman
et al. 2008). SACC proposal to add to Main List did
not pass.
Aix sponsa Wood Duck: Two dead
individuals with U.S. bands were reportedly recovered in Colombia (Salaman et
al. 2007) but verification of U.S. banding records showed the database to be in
error (Salaman et al. 2008).
Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon: Sight record of a male from northern Venezuela on 4 March 2002 (Williams and Beadle 2003).
Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl: Introduced on Trindade island,
Brazil, but subsequently eradicated (Alves et al. 2011).
Gallus gallus. [Domestic Chicken]. Gottdenker et al. (2005), as reported by Wiedenfeld
(2006), indicated that there may be feral, breeding populations on the
Galapagos Islands
Pygoscelis adeliae Adelie Penguin: Four Falklands
records involved five or six birds: an unpublished photograph by A. Carey in
1961 (Woods 1975), and sight records in 2004 and 2005, possibly of the same
bird (Black et al. 2005, Morrison et al. 2006).
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Fiordland Penguin:
Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001) examined a specimen in the British Museum
collected at King George Bay, W. Falkland, presented by The Admiralty in the
19th Century, although Woods (1988) considered the record doubtful. Two Leiden
Naturalis Museum specimens reputedly collected in the Falklands (Mazar Barnett
& Pearman 2001) were misidentified and are both E. chrysocome (R.
Woods in prep.). Undated mounted specimen, catalogued as collected in the
"Falkland Islands", held at Cambridge Univ. Museum (R. Woods in
prep.). Proposal needed to move species to the main
list.
Eudyptes schlegeli Royal Penguin: Three
pairs reported on W. Falkland "prior to 1987" and in the 1991-1992
austral summer where one pair reportedly bred (Strange 1987, Gregory 1994, and
perhaps unpublished photograph; fide Mazar Barnett & Pearman 2001); all
considered unconfirmed by Woods & Woods (1997). One individual with
unpublished photograph at Pebble Island, Falklands, in Jan. 2005 (Morrison et
al. 2006). Specimen of and photograph of molting bird, both with questioned
identity, from s. Chile (R. Matus in prep.). Proposal
needed to move species to main list pending publication and acceptance of
Falklands and Chilean photographic records. Proposal needed to confirm specific
status.
Spheniscus demersus Jackass Penguin: An
unpublished and unavailable photo from Argentina in Chubut (Rumboll 1990) was
relegated to hypothetical status by Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001). Called
"African Penguin" in Walker (1995).
Phoebastria nigripes Black-footed Albatross: One undocumented sight report in Ecuadorean waters (Harris 1968).
Wiedenfeld (2006) listed three potential records for the Galapagos islands, but
none has been documented.
<?> Pterodroma alba Phoenix Petrel: <investigate listing for Juan Fernandez Iss. at Avibase web site>.
Pterodroma magentae Magenta Petrel: Two possible sightings: near Juan Fernandez
Islands, 5 Aug 1995, and 150 km west of Chile at 28-29 degrees S. Lat., March
1992 (Howell et al 1996).
Pterodroma leucoptera Gould's Petrel: Specimen record from near Galapagos Islands may not
be within the official boundaries of the area, and sight records from there are
undocumented (Wiedenfeld 2006).
Pachyptila salvini Salvin's Prion: Oyarzo
& Cekalovic (1981) reported a specimen from Archipelago de las Wollaston, Cabo de Hornos. Proposal badly needed. Called "Medium-billed Prion"
in Sibley & Monroe (1990) and elsewhere.
Puffinus nativitatis Christmas Shearwater:
Although occasionally listed as occurring in Chile [REF], all records are from
Easter Island or Isla Sala Y Gomez, outside the area covered in this list; it
breeds on Sala Y Gomez. Spear & Ainley (1999) reported this species from
the "Panama Bight", which includes Colombia and Ecuador, but did not
provide locality information that would allow whether any records were within
South American waters.
<?> Nesofregetta fuliginosa Polynesian Storm-Petrel: <investigate listing for Galapagos at Avibase web site>. A breeding population occurs in Chilean territory on Isla Sala y Gomez (Harrison & Jehl 1988), but this is outside the limits of the area covered by this list.
Oceanodroma homochroa Ashy Storm-Petrel:
Two undocumented sight records from Ecuador (Ridgely et al. 2001).
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos American White Pelican: Sight record
from Trinidad (Audubon Magazine 1964, p. 289<check>, as cited by Meyer de Schauensee 1966) and two sight records in
Colombia, with photographic records to date only from San Andrs (outside SACC
area) (Salaman et al. 2001, Estela et al. 2005)
Morus bassanus Northern Gannet: Sight
records from Trinidad & Tobago (Kenefick 2010).
Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested Cormorant: Unpublished photo from Bonaire (Voous 1983).
Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk: At
least five sight records from Colombia (Strewe 2001, Castao & Colorado
2002) and one from Venezuela (Hilty 1999).
Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover: Sight record
from Trinidad, where bird was examined in hand, banded, and released (ffrench
1973, Kenefick & Hayes 2006); the specimen from Tierra del Fuego (Humphrey
et al. 1970) in fact pertains to C. semipalmatus (Katrina Cook, British
Museum, pers. comm.).
Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden-Plover: Sight record from Ecuador (26 Apr. 1991; Ridgely &
Greenfield 2001). [Hayman et al. ("Shorebirds"; 1986) listed records,
presumably sight records, from Chile and Galapagos Islands; original references
needed; perhaps regular on Galapagos?].
Haase ( 2011) reported that one was photographed in the Galapagos
Islands, but the accompanying photograph is not labeled as referring to that
individual.
Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank:
Sight records from Trinidad & Tobago (ffrench 1991, Kenefick & Hayes
2006, Kenefick 2010).
Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank. Sight record for Tobago, 13 February 1983 (Fisher 1998, ffrench & Hayes 1998, Kenefick & Hayes 2006).
Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint: Sight
record from Mejia, depto. Arequipa, Peru (Hughes 1988).
Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper: Sight record from Ecuador (Haase 2011).
Glareola pratincola Collared Pratincole:
One photographed at Atol das Rocas, Brazil, 9 March 1990 (Antas 1990, as cited
by Sick 1993); photograph now published (Soto & Filippini 2003), but
photograph does not rule out G. maldivarum (Des Allen, Krys Kazmierczak,
pers. comms.).
Chroicocephalus philadelphia Bonaparte's Gull: Sight
record from Bonaire (Voous 1983).
Larus californicus California Gull: Sight
record from Guayas, Ecuador, 8 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely 1980, Ridgely and Greenfield
2001).
Larus glaucescens Glaucous-winged Gull:
Haase ( 2011) reported that one was photographed in
the Galapagos Islands, but the accompanying photograph is not labeled as
referring to that individual.
Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared-Dove: Sight record from Trinidad (M. Kenefick, in litt.).
Streptopelia risoria Ringed Turtle-Dove:
A population of S. risoria has been present for some time in the Norte
de Santander region of Colombia; photograph available on the web at: Donegan
TM, Huertas-H BC, Briceno-L ER, Arias-B JJ & Gonzlez-O CE (2003) Search
for the Magdalena Tinamou: Project Report. Colombian EBA Project Report
Series No. 4. Fundacin ProAves, Colombia, 2003, 49 pp. www.proaves.org at
p. 28. [Follow links to "Proyectos -> EBA Reportes e informes"].
Whether the population is established is unknown (Donegan & Huertas 2002).
Additionally, whether this "species" is a valid taxon is currently
under review (T. Donegan, pers. comm.); it is typically treated as a
domesticated form of African Collared Dove, S. roseogrisea (Goodwin
1977, Baptista et al. 1997), and is also known as "Barbary Dove" and
"Ringed Dove." Although S. risoria is senior, Banks et al.
(2006) changed the name of this species to "African Collared Dove" (Streptopelia
roseogrisea) on the basis that ICZN Opinion 2027 established a general
principle that wild species names should take precedence over domestic species
names, even if the domestic name post-dated the wild name. Donegan (2007) has
published the rationale for and application for continued use of S. roseogrisea
over S. risoria. Proposal needed.
Zenaida asiatica White-winged Dove:
Sight records from Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986) are now considered
likely to have been of Bare-eyed Pigeon Patagioenas
corensis. Acceptable Colombian records are only on San Andrs and
Providencia islands (outside SACC area) (Donegan et al. 2009).
Tachymarptis melba Alpine Swift:
Published sight report from French Guiana (Ottema 2004).
Sphyrapicus
varius. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker: Published photograph report from n. Colombia in the Santa Marta
Mountains (Luna et al. 2011). SACC proposal badly needed to move to main list.
Tyrannus
forficatus. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher: Published sight report from n. Colombia (Rowland & Master 2011).
Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo: Sight
record from Tobago (Kenefick 2010).
Progne sinaloae Sinaloa Martin:
Presumably winters somewhere in South America (AOU 1998), but no actual
records.
Tachycineta thalassina Violet-green Swallow:
Sight record from northern Colombia (Ridgely & Tudor 1989).
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Bahama Swallow: Sight
record from northern Colombia (Strewe 2006).
Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern Rough-winged Swallow: Sight records from Bonaire (Voous 1983, 1985), Aruba and Curaao
(Hilty 2003), and Colombia (Downing 2005).
Cinclus mexicanus American Dipper: Sight
record from Carabobo, Venezuela (Dungel & Sebela 1995).
Tangara fucosa Green-naped Tanager:
Sight record from northwestern Colombia (Pearman 1993).
Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow: Specimen
from Aruba (Voous 1983, 1985); record needs to be reviewed (perhaps
human-assisted).
Loxigilla noctis Lesser Antillean Bullfinch: The type specimen of L. n.
propinqua and two other individuals purportedly collected in Guyana were
later regarded as mislabeled and indistinguishable from birds from Grenada, L. n. grenadensis (Bond 1939, Paynter
1970). <check escaped cage-birds (Meyer de Schauensee 1966)>.
Arremon crassirostris Sooty-faced Finch:
Sight reports from Colombian side of Cerro Tacarcuna (see Ridgely & Tudor 1989;
no specimens collected, fide Daniel Cadena).
Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler: Sight
record from the Santa Marta Mountains, northern Colombia (Strewe & Navarro
2004).
Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's Warbler:
Sight record from coastal Venezuela in Zulia (Casler & Est 1996).
Oporornis tolmiei MacGillivray's Warbler: Old records from northern Colombia (REF) are now considered doubtful
(Meyer de Schauensee 1966). Salaman et al. (2007, 2008) did not list this
species as occurring in Colombia because no specimens attributable to this
species were found by Project Biomap.
Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird:
Sight record from Trinidad (ffrench 1991).
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