Proposal (54) to South American Classification
Committee
Split Chlorostilbon
mellisugus into three species
PROPOSAL: that the broadly conceived species Chlorostilbon
mellisugus (as per Zimmer 1950 and Schuchmann 1999 in HBW the accounts
are credited to Bündgen, but were written to Schuchmann's orders) be considered
a superspecies, which (in South America) includes four allospecies, as
discussed in Stiles (1996). Details of morphology, coloration and distribution
are given in that paper, as well as a more thorough explanation of the reasoning.
The allospecies are:
a) C. melanorhynchus (subspecies melanorhynchus
and pumilus, though the latter might not be recognizable) of W
Colombia and NW Ecuador: distinguishable from adjacent C. gibsoni by its
shorter, all-black bill, relatively longer wing, shorter tail that is less
forked, sex for sex. Males differ additionally in having a bright crown,
females in having much green in the rectrices with some dark grey at the bases
of the lateral rectrices.
b) C. gibsoni (subspecies gibsoni,
nitens and chrysogaster although the distinctness of nitens
has been questioned) of N and C Colombia (Magdalena valley) and NW Venezuela
(L. Maracaibo basin): tail longer and more forked than other SA forms in both
sexes; differs from other SA forms (except olivaresi) in having at least
basal half of mandible pink or red. Differs from melanorhynchus in
having dull crown in male; females have extensive pale grey in bases of lateral
rectrices; chrysogaster, the form that most closely approaches mellisugus,
differs most from it in size (larger); tail much more deeply forked to
(females) double-rounded.
c) C. mellisugus (subspecies mellisugus,
caribaeus, duidae, subfurcatus, phaeopygos, napensis if distinct from the
preceding) of E Colombia S to N Bolivia, E through Venezuela and adjacent
Brasil to the Guianas: differs from the preceding forms in much less forked
tail, sex for sex, lateral rectrices of females all blue except for narrow pale
greyish tips (no green or basal grey); from gibsoni in all-black bill
and (males) brighter crown more blue in breast.
d) C. olivaresi (monotypic), restricted
to the Sierra de Chiribiquete of SE Colombia: much larger than all other forms;
resembles gibsoni in bill color, pattern of rectrices of female, dull
crown of male; resembles mellisugus in shallowly forked tail, sex for
sex, and strongly bluish breast of males.
The two treatments of this complex mentioned
above advocate subsuming all forms into mellisugus, and both share
certain flaws. Zimmer (1950) starts out dividing the complex into
"eastern" and "western" groups, ascribing chrysogaster to
the former and nitens to the latter, then noting their great
similarities and considering them (and hence both "groups",
conspecific. Bündgen (1999) does much the same, starting out with
"northern" and "southern" groups. My data suggest a rather more
complex picture, in which variation simply does not break down along such neat
geographic lines. The variation in color and morphology is more of a mosaic,
rather than the smooth cline suggested by Schuchmann: in particular, melanorhynchus
and gibsoni break up the trend, and within gibsoni the trend
reverses with chrysogaster having the most deeply forked tail; olivaresi
fits no cisandean trend. Moreover, where the ranges of two forms abut, there is
no hint of intermediacy or hybridization in any specimen I have seen to date
(and I have examined a considerable number of additional specimens since 1996).
No substantive new evidence has been published supporting a contrary view,
hence I propose that we follow the arrangement I put forward in 1996.
References:
Bündgen, R. 1999. Species account of Chlorostilbon
mellisugus. HBW vol. 5, p. 574.
Schuchmann, K.-L. 1999. Family Trochilidae. HBW
vol. 5, pp.
Stiles, F. G. 1996. A new species of emerald
hummingbird (Trochilidae: Chlorostilbon) from the Sierra de
Chiribiquete, southeastern Colombia, with a review of the C. mellisugus
complex. Wilson Bulletin 108:1-27.
Zimmer, J. T. 1950. Studies of Peruvian birds,
no. 58: the genera Chlorostilbon, Thalurania, Hylocharis and Chrysuronia.
American Museum Novitates no. 1474, pp. 1-12.
Gary Stiles, August
2003
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Comments from Remsen: I vote YES on this
proposal, for reasons outlined here and in Stiles (1996). The only reason that
the baseline list (from Dickinson 2003) started with a broad C. mellisugus
is that I had unfortunately forgotten that Stiles (1996) had more in it than
the new species description.
Comments from Nores: "Si estoy de acuerdo en separar Chlorostilbon mellisugus en tres
especies. Las razones dadas por Stiles son bastante convincentes, especialmente
las diferencias morfológicas (como la cola más furcada o menos furcada), y la
coloración como el caso del pico o de la corona."