Proposal (76)
to South
American Classification Committee
Change
offshore limits to 200 nautical miles
Effect on South American CL: This
proposal would extend the offshore limits of our area of study to the
internationally recognized EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone), which is 200 nautical
miles. Our current limit is 100 miles (160km).
Background: Currently
we recognize an offshore limit of 100 statute miles (160km) in the definition
of our region. I gather that this matches up to what the AOU uses to define
their offshore boundaries. I have not been able to find if 100 miles is what
the AOU uses, at least not in print, but I do recall that this is the case.
Please correct me if I am wrong.
I want to make the case that it
would be an improvement for us to adopt the internationally recognized EEZ or
Exclusive Economic Zone of 200 nautical miles, which apparently all South
American nations recognize. The EEZ is a concept that was adopted at the Third
United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1982), whereby a coastal state
assumes jurisdiction over the exploration and exploitation of marine resources
in its adjacent section of the continental shelf, taken to be a band extending
200 miles from the shore. Since this 200nm limit is where the states that
comprise South America have jurisdiction over marine resources, and this
includes all wildlife, in other words birds, it makes sense to use it as the
limit of our region. If we adopt the 200nm limit we will have a checklist that
includes all pelagic bird species for which South American nations have some
internationally recognized jurisdiction. The boundary of 100miles does not
conform to any widely recognized ecological or political boundary. Below is a
list of offshore jurisdictional boundaries that are usually recognized:
contiguous zone: 24 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to
edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone:200 NM
This link gives some background on
the law of the sea: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Law-of-the-Sea
This link gives background on
maritime claims by nation in South America. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_mar_cla_exc_eco_zon/SAM#
I will also note that bird records
committees have been using the 200nm limit starting in the 80s, examples include
California Bird Records Committee, British Bird Rarities Committee, American
Birding Association Checklist Committee etc. So, this limit is being used by
bird related organizations that are in charge of determining avifaunal lists.
How to Apply? This jurisdiction is
200 nautical miles from the nearest point of land, including islands. For most
of South America this is easy enough to determine, and more importantly good
oceanic charts usually show the EEZ of each nation, so limits can be researched
and coordinates of single records can be compared to these charts. Where it
will be problematic is in the Caribbean, where the maritime boundary of our
zone will come into contact with the zone of the AOU committee. In these situations,
the way in which it is resolved is to draw the boundary exactly half way
between the two points of land in the different jurisdictions. So, on a map one
could draw a line that showed where the midpoint between Grenada (AOU) and
Tobago (SACC) would be for example. It is incredibly unlikely that we would
ever have to get to this level of detail in determining if a certain record was
in SACC water or AOU water, but at least there is a mechanism to resolve this
issue.
Analysis: Currently
the maritime limit of our region does not conform to any standard. The EEZ is
an internationally recognized concept, which is often depicted on charts. This
not only makes our offshore boundary conform to the offshore boundaries of
nations within South America, but also potentially makes for an easier to use
limit as the EEZ boundary coordinates can be looked up. In addition, the 200
nautical mile limit will clearly include all species that are truly deep-water
pelagic specialists. I am not sure if this enlargement of our oceanic area will
add any species, but it may clarify some which I have wondered about
in terms of whether they were in or out of the 100 miles. The fact that the AOU
does not use the EEZ as its limit should not detract us; in fact, I would argue
that it would make sense for them to conform to this concept as well. The AOU
checklist committee predates the EEZ, but we do not.
Recommendation: Yes,
apply a 200 nautical mile offshore limit to for our region.
Alvaro
Jaramillo, November 2003
________________________________________________________________________________________
Comments from Don Roberson: "Van
and the SACC, I recommend using the 200 nautical mile limit for offshore
boundaries for bird checklists, except, of course, when another jurisdiction is
less than 400 nautical miles distant, in which point the geographic mid-point
is the line unless modified by treaty. I have a lengthy discussion on the
Calif. Bird Records Committee web site at
http://www.wfo-cbrc.org/cbrc/counties.html (following the list of county
abbreviations) but it is specific to the California situation and much less
useful for a broad discussion. I distill a small portion below:
For general purposes, it is enough
to realize that there in the United States there are four distinct zones to
which jurisdiction (in a formal legal sense) applies. The FIRST ZONE is for
formal county jurisdiction (e.g., the county sheriff can arrest you) and is
limited to three miles offshore. In California, these lines are listed in
excruciating detail in the California Government Code. The SECOND ZONE is
official state jurisdiction (e.g., Calif. Fish & Game officers can arrest
you). It is also limited to three miles offshore except across a "closed
bay in which case the state can have much more extensive jurisdiction. For
example, the Supreme Court found in "U.S. v. California, (1965) 381 US
139, 14 L.Ed.2d 296, that Monterey Bay was a "closed bay and thus the
State of California had jurisdiction well beyond the usual 3-mile limit (goes
to about 12 miles offshore at mid-Bay). The THIRD ZONE is a zone of official
United States sovereignty (the FBI can arrest you). Under international law
this is now 12 nautical miles from the nearest point of land (including
islands; sometimes farther when "closed bay lines are involved). The
FOURTH ZONE is the zone of internationally recognized jurisdiction [the
"Exclusive Economic Zone" or EEZ] over seabed and fisheries
resources. Although any nation’s ship can transit the waters under the doctrine
of "freedom of the seas, the nation with the jurisdiction may regulate
fishing, seabed mining, oil drilling, etc. This jurisdiction is 200 nautical
miles from the nearest point of land, including islands.
All these offshore lines run from
the "nearest point of land" (including islands) but treaties between
nations can change an offshore boundary to a different spot than "nearest
point of land. Further, there have been cases when equitable analysis has moved
an offshore line under rules of international law (e.g., North Sea Continental
Shelf cases before The Hague International Court or the Anglo-French
arbitration of 1977). These cases are rare but have been applied to determine
the division of monies for exploitation of seabed resources off the Atlantic
states (see Charney, 1981, "The delimitation of lateral seaward boundaries
between states in a domestic context, Am. Journal Intern. Law 75: 28-68, a very
useful paper to which Paul Buckley recently drew my attention). There may be
additional limits (e.g., 24 n.miles) in other specific situations, but I
don't think any of them apply to the United States.
I do not know if any South American
countries have "county" or "state" jurisdictional zones,
but I am aware that their definitions of national sovereignty and the EEZ are
the same as the U.S.; I believe that these definitions were internationally
recognized under a treaty governing the Law of the Sea. Indeed, Peru and
Ecuador (I think those were the lead counties) were in the forefront of
developing the law and logic that led to the eventual acceptance of the EEZ in
international law.
None of the above is very important
for SACC consideration; it is enough to recognize that there is no
formal jurisdictional limit based on statute miles (as opposed to nautical
miles) and that none of the recognized jurisdictional zones has a 100 mile
boundary. The "100 mile limit" is an anachronism dating from a time
when no EEZ was recognized [indeed, the U.S. was initially against the EEZ
proposed by Peru et al. way back in the '50s-'60s]. Now that a formal EEZ is
recognized worldwide, it makes sense to apply it uniformly to all major bird
checklists that include a portion of the ocean beyond the terrestrial land.
____________________________________________________________
Comments from Schulenberg:
"[YES] My vote would be in favor of the 200 nm limit. I don't know a lot
about nautical law, and I don't really want to learn much about it either. But
for better or for worse the 200 nm limit is what I've accepted as the filter
for processing records of pelagic species off the coast of Peru. I suspect that
workers in most if not all other South American countries would take a similar
approach. So, it makes sense to me to standardize this across the board, as
Alvaro suggests."
Comments from Stiles: "YES
- seems logical to incorporate accepted international standards here. For
curiosity, anyone know how many species this might add to the list??"