A Classification of the Bird Species of South America

 

South American Classification Committee

 

(Part 11)

 

Part 11. Oscine Passeriformes, C (Icteridae to end) (below)

 

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Part 1. Rheiformes to Podicipediformes

Part 2. Columbiformes to Caprimulgiformes

Part 3. Apodiformes

Part 4. Opisthocomiformes to Strigiformes

Part 5. Trogoniformes to Psittaciformes

Part 6. Suboscine Passeriformes, A (Sapayoidae to Formicariidae)

Part 7. Suboscine Passeriformes, B (Furnariidae)

Part 8. Suboscine Passeriformes, C (Pipridae to Tyrannidae)

Part 9. Oscine Passeriformes, A (Vireonidae to Sturnidae)

Part 10. Oscine Passeriformes, B (Ploceidae to Passerellidae)

 

Hypothetical List

Hybrids and Dubious Taxa

Literature Cited

 

 

PASSERIFORMES

Suborder PASSERES (OSCINES) (concluded)

 

 

ICTERIDAE (BLACKBIRDS) 1

Dolichonychinae

Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink (NB) 41

Sturnellinae

Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark

Leistes militaris Red-breasted Meadowlark 35, 35a, 36

Leistes superciliaris White-browed Meadowlark 35, 35a, 36

Leistes bellicosus Peruvian Meadowlark 36, 38, 39

Leistes defilippii Pampas Meadowlark 37, 38

Leistes loyca Long-tailed Meadowlark 40

Amblycercinae

Amblycercus holosericeus Yellow-billed Cacique 17, 17a

Cacicinae

Psarocolius angustifrons Russet-backed Oropendola 2, 3

Psarocolius atrovirens Dusky-green Oropendola 2, 4

Psarocolius viridis Green Oropendola 2, 2a

Psarocolius wagleri Chestnut-headed Oropendola 2

Psarocolius decumanus Crested Oropendola 2

Psarocolius guatimozinus Black Oropendola 2, 5

Psarocolius cassini Baudo Oropendola 2, 5, 6

Psarocolius bifasciatus Olive Oropendola 2, 5, 7

Cacicus solitarius Solitary Black Cacique 12a, 13, 14

Cacicus chrysopterus Golden-winged Cacique 12, 12a, 12b

Cacicus sclateri Ecuadorian Cacique 10, 11, 12a

Cacicus koepckeae Selva Cacique 10, 12

Cacicus uropygialis Scarlet-rumped Cacique 16

Cacicus cela Yellow-rumped Cacique 15

Cacicus chrysonotus Mountain Cacique 9, 12a

Cacicus latirostris Band-tailed Cacique 2, 8a

Cacicus haemorrhous Red-rumped Cacique

Cacicus oseryi Casqued Cacique 2, 8

Icterinae

Icterus icterus Venezuelan Troupial 18, 19

Icterus croconotus Orange-backed Troupial 19

Icterus jamacaii Campo Troupial 19

Icterus graceannae White-edged Oriole

Icterus mesomelas Yellow-tailed Oriole

Icterus cayanensis Epaulet Oriole 20, 20a

Icterus pyrrhopterus Variable Oriole 20

Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole (NB) 20a

Icterus auricapillus Orange-crowned Oriole 21

Icterus chrysater Yellow-backed Oriole 21a

Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole (NB)

Icterus nigrogularis Yellow Oriole

Agelaiinae

Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird (V) 29a

Molothrus rufoaxillaris Screaming Cowbird

Molothrus oryzivorus Giant Cowbird 31

Molothrus aeneus Bronzed Cowbird 32, 32a, 32b

Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird

Dives warczewiczi Scrub Blackbird 22, 22a

Quiscalus lugubris Carib Grackle 33

Quiscalus mexicanus Great-tailed Grackle 34

Lampropsar tanagrinus Velvet-fronted Grackle 24a, 24b

Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster Red-bellied Grackle 24a

Gymnomystax mexicanus Oriole Blackbird 24a

Macroagelaius subalaris Mountain Grackle 23, 24

Macroagelaius imthurni Golden-tufted Grackle 23, 25

Amblyramphus holosericeus Scarlet-headed Blackbird 25c, 26

Curaeus curaeus Austral Blackbird 25a, 25c

Anumara forbesi Forbes's Blackbird 25b, 25c

Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird

Agelaioides badius Grayish Baywing 29, 30, 30a

Agelaioides fringillarius Pale Baywing 29, 30, 30a

Oreopsar bolivianus Bolivian Blackbird 29

Agelasticus xanthophthalmus Pale-eyed Blackbird 27

Agelasticus cyanopus Unicolored Blackbird 27, 27a

Agelasticus thilius Yellow-winged Blackbird 27

Chrysomus ruficapillus Chestnut-capped Blackbird 27

Chrysomus icterocephalus Yellow-hooded Blackbird 27

Xanthopsar flavus Saffron-cowled Blackbird 28, 28a

Pseudoleistes guirahuro Yellow-rumped Marshbird

Pseudoleistes virescens Brown-and-yellow Marshbird

 

 

1. The sequence of genera follows Dickinson (2003), which mostly follows Blake (1968). <incorp. Beecher (1950, 1951)>. Powell et al. (2014) produced a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships in the family that will require revision of sequence of genera and species, and generic limits in the family, and Remsen et al. (2016) implemented those recommendations; this was followed by Chesser et al. (2017).  SACC proposal passed to add subfamilies and modify linear sequence.  Genetic data indicate that the Icteridae and Parulidae are sister families (see Note 1 under Parulidae).

 

2.  Generic limits in the large oropendolas have been exceptionally unstable. Hellmayr (1937) considered Gymnostinops to include cassini, guatimozinus, Middle American montezumae, and bifasciatus (with yuracares treated as a separate species from bifasciatus); the species decumanus, viridis, angustifrons, and atrovirens to be in a separate genus, Xanthornus (or in Ostinops, as in Pinto 1944); and wagleri was placed in a monotypic genus, Zarhynchus. Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970) followed the same generic limits as Hellmayr (1937), but replaced the name Xanthornus with Psarocolius.  Blake (1968b) merged Gymnostinops (and Clypicterus and Ocyalus) into a broad Psarocolius.  Ridgely & Tudor (1989) followed Blake (1968b) in using a broad Psarocolius (except for retention of Ocyalus). Sibley & Monroe's (1990) classification was like that of Ridgely & Tudor (1989), but they resurrected Gymnostinops. Price & Lanyon (2002) found genetic support for the merger by Blake (1968b) of Gymnostinops into Psarocolius (but support for retention of Ocyalus and Clypicterus), and that is the classification followed here. <incorp. Freeman-Zink 1995>.  Powell et al. (2014) found that Clypicterus and Ocyalus were actually more closely related to Cacicus, especially C. haemorrhous, than to any Psarocolius.  SACC proposal passed to merge Clypicterus and Ocyalus into Cacicus.  Linear sequence of species in Cacicus thus modified to reflect the findings of Powell et al. (2014).  Remsen et al. (2016) recommended continued treatment of Ocyalus and Clypicterus in Cacicus.

 

2a. Price & Lanyon (2004) and <REF> (2013) found that P. viridis was the sister to the species formerly placed in Gymnostinops.  SACC proposal needed to modify linear sequence.

 

3. Hilty & Brown (1986), Ridgely & Tudor (1989), Jaramillo & Burke (1999), and Hilty (2003) suggested that montane alfredi subspecies group perhaps deserves recognition as a separate species from Psarocolius angustifrons.

 

4. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suspected that Psarocolius atrovirens might best be treated as a subspecies of P. viridis, but Powell et al. (2014) showed that they are not closely related.

 

5. Meyer de Schauensee 1966) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) suggested that Psarocolius guatimozinus, P. cassini, and P. bifasciatus could be merged into a single species; evidence for maintaining them as separate species is weak; they form a superspecies, along with Middle American P. montezumae (Meyer de Schauensee 1966. AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990).  Powell et al. (2014) confirmed that they form a monophyletic group.

 

6. Meyer de Schauensee (1970) and older literature used "Chestnut-mantled Oropendola," but see Ridgely & Tudor (1989).

 

7. The subspecies yuracares was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Blake 1968b) treated as a separate species from Psarocolius bifasciatus, but Haffer (1974) provided rationale for considering them conspecific, as suspected by Meyer de Schauensee (1966). Jaramillo & Burke (1999), followed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Fraga (2011), treated them as separate species but acknowledged that the subspecies P. y. neivae is likely a hybrid swarm between P. yuracares and P. bifasciatus, as noted by Haffer (1974).  SACC proposal needed.  When yuracares was considered a separate species, nominate bifasciatus was known as "Para Oropendola." Sibley & Monroe (1990) called the broad bifasciatus "Amazonian Oropendola."

 

8. Clypicterus oseryi has been treated in Psarocolius in some recent classifications (e.g., Blake 1968b, Ridgely & Tudor 1989), but recent genetic data (Price and Lanyon 2002) showed that it is more closely related to Ocyalus than to Psarocolius.  SACC proposal passed to remove from Psarocolius, as did a proposal to restore the monotypic genus Clypicterus for this species, as in many former classifications (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970).  Powell et al. (2014) found that Ocyalus latirostris was embedded in Cacicus.  SACC proposal passed to transfer to Cacicus.  SACC proposal passed to change English name to “Casqued Cacique”.

 

8a. Ocyalus latirostris was placed in Psarocolius by Blake (1968b), but see Price and Lanyon (2002). Hellmayr (1937) considered O. latirostris and Zarhynchus (= Psarocolius) wagleri to be sister species, but this has not been borne out in subsequent analyses (e.g., Price and Lanyon 2002, Powell et al. 2014).  Powell et al. (2014) found that Ocyalus latirostris was embedded in Cacicus.  SACC proposal passed to transfer to Cacicus.  SACC proposal passed to change English name to “Band-tailed Cacique”.

 

9. The northern (leucoramphus) and southern (chrysonotus) groups of subspecies were treated as separate species by Blake (1968b), but most classifications have treated them as a single species (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990; and usually as Cacicus leucoramphus, an error, because chrysonotus has priority) because specimens near the contact zone show some signs of gene flow (Hellmayr 1937, Bond 1953). However, see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) for possible reasons for ranking them as species; this was followed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), Hilty (2003), and Fraga (2011). Powell et al. (2014) found that the two were deeply divergent genetically, more so than some Cacicus treated as species, but did not sample populations anywhere near the contact zone.  SACC proposal to treat leucoramphus as a separate species did not pass.  Hosner et al. (2015b) found evidence for intergradation between the taxa in Ayacucho, Peru.

 

10. Cacicus sclateri is placed next to its presumed sister species, C. koepckeae, following Cardiff and Remsen (1994), as confirmed by Powell et al. (2014).

 

11. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) called "Ecuadorian Black Cacique," but this implies, as noted by Ridgely & Tudor (1989), a close relationship to Cacicus solitarius, and so most subsequent authors have followed Ridgely & Tudor (1989) in use of the shortened "Ecuadorian Cacique."

 

12. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Cacicus koepckeae and C. chrysopterus to form a superspecies, but see Cardiff & Remsen (1994) and Powell et al. (2014).

 

12a. Cacicus chrysopterus, C. chrysonotus, C. sclateri, and C. solitarius were formerly (e.g., Miller 1924, Hellmayr 1937, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) placed in the genus Archiplanus, but most classifications have followed Meyer de Schauensee (1966) <check Miller 1924 as cited by Meyer de Schauensee> in merging this into Cacicus.  These four species do not form a monophyletic group (Powell et al. 2014).

 

12b. Cacicus chrysopterus was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Pinto 1944) known as Archiplanus albirostris, but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966).

 

13. Cacicus solitarius was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937) placed in Amblycercus or in Archiplanus (e.g., Pinto 1944), but most classifications have followed Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Blake (1968b) in placing it in Cacicus.  Price & Lanyon’s (2002, 2004) genetic data indicate that C. solitarius is not particularly closely related to other Cacicus and likely more closely related to the oropendolas.  Fraga (2005) has proposed a new genus name, Procacicus, to reflect this and used this in his classification (Fraga 2011).  SACC proposal to recognize Procacicus did not pass.  Powell et al. (2014) found that C. solitarius was the sister to all other Cacicus plus Clypicterus and Ocyalus.  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) recognized Procacicus, but Remsen et al. (2016) recommended continued inclusion in Cacicus.

 

14. Called "Solitary Cacique" by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Hilty (2003).

 

15. Ridgely (1976)<check>, Jaramillo & Burke (1999), Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and Fraga (2011) suggested that Cacicus cela may consist of two or three species-level taxa; the subspecies vitellinus of northern Colombia was treated as a separate species by <REF>.  SACC proposal to treat as two species did not pass.

 

16. Cacicus uropygialis likely includes two, perhaps three, species-level taxa (Hilty & Brown 1986, Ridgely & Tudor 1989); trans-Andean microrhynchus was treated as a separate species by Jaramillo & Burke (1999), Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and Hilty (2003); Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suspected that the subspecies pacificus of western Colombia, included by Jaramillo and Burke (1999) and others as a subspecies of extralimital C. (u.) microrhynchus, might also deserve species rank.  Ridgway (1902) evidently treated microrhynchus as a separate species from uropygialis by omitting mention of the latter.  Hellmayr (1938), followed by Wetmore et al. (1984), maintained all as conspecific because of the seemingly intermediate characters of pacificus.  SACC proposal to recognize microrhynchus as separate species did not pass.  Powell et al. (2014) found that pacificus was actually sister to uropygialis, not microrhynchus.  SACC proposal pending.

 

17. Amblycercus was formerly (e.g., Blake 1968b, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) included in Cacicus, but AOU (1983) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) followed Hellmayr (1937) and Phelps & Phelps (1950a) in retaining the genus Amblycercus, mainly because of differences in nest structure.  Genetic data (Freeman & Zink 1995, Omland et al. 1999, Powell et al. 2014) indicate that this species does not belong in Cacicus.

 

18. The sequence of species in Icterus follows Lanyon-Omland (REF). Freeman & Zink's (1995) genetic data indicated that the Icterus icterus group is not closely related to other species of Icterus, but see Omland et al. (1999) and Powell et al. (2014), who found that Icterus consists of two lineages that are more divergent genetically than are most genera in the family.

 

19. Icterus icterus, I. jamacaii, and I. croconotus were formerly treated as a single species by many authors (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Blake 1968, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Dickinson 2003), although others have treated them as three species (Hilty 2003, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Fraga 2011) or as two species (croconotus as a subspecies of I. jamacaii; e.g., Hilty & Brown 1986, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Omland et al. 1999). See Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Jaramillo & Burke (1999) for details. SACC proposal passed to split into three species.

 

20. This treatment includes chrysocephalus as a subspecies of Icterus cayanensis, following Blake (1968b); this taxon is usually treated as a species (e.g., Pinto 1944, Short 1975, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Jaramillo & Burke 1999, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Fraga 2011) that forms a superspecies with I. cayanensis (Sibley & Monroe 1990).  Omland et al. (1999) and D'Horta et al. (2008) showed that ranking chrysocephalus as a species makes cayanensis paraphyletic. Although Haverschmidt & Mees (1994) reported that chrysocephalus and cayanensis are locally sympatric in Surinam, phenotypes of most samples from Surinam, French Guiana, and adjacent northeastern Brazil are intermediates and part of a large hybrid zone (D'Horta et al. 2008).  Genetic data (D´Horta et al. 2008, Omland et al. 1999, Sturge et al. 2009) also indicate that the southern pyrrhopterus group (which would include tibialis, periporphyrus, and valenciobuenoi) is reciprocally monophyletic with the Amazonian groups, with no evidence of hybridization and some evidence of sympatry (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).  SACC proposal passed to recognize pyrrhopterus as a separate species.

 

20a. Beecher (1950) used anatomical characters to justify separating Icterus cayanensis and I. spurius in a separate genus (Bananivorus = Pendulinus; see Meyer de Schauensee 1966) from Icterus.  However, this species group is deeply embedded in Icterus (Powell et al. 2014).

 

21. [placement in sequence]; Jaramillo & Burke (1999) suggested that closest relative of Icterus auricapillus is I. cucullatus.

 

21a. The subspecies hondae of northern Colombia was described as (Chapman 1914) and formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937) considered a separate species from Icterus chrysater, but Meyer de Schauensee (1951) treated it as a subspecies of I. chrysater.  Olson (1981d) provided evidence that hondae is likely restricted to the upper Magdalena Valley.

 

22. Southern subspecies kalinowskii has been treated as a separate species from Dives warczewiczi by some (e.g. AOU 1983), but intermediates between the two are known (Schulenberg and Parker 1991); see also Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Jaramillo & Burke (1999).  Dives warczewiczi forms a superspecies with Middle American D. dives (AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were considered conspecific by Hellmayr (1937) and Blake (1968b).

 

22a.  The correct original spelling is warczewiczi (Dickinson & Christidis 2014).  SACC proposal passed to change spelling.

 

23. Macroagelaius imthurni and M. subalaris form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were considered conspecific by Hellmayr (1937), but Meyer de Schauensee (1951) provided rationale for treating them as separate species.

 

24. Called "Colombian Mountain-Grackle" in Ridgely & Tudor (1989), Jaramillo & Burke (1999), and Fraga (2011).  Called "Colombian Grackle" in <REF>.

 

24a.  Genetic data (Cadena et al. 2004) indicate that Gymnomystax, Hypopyrrhus, and Lampropsar form a closely related group (consistent with their proximity in traditional linear sequences); vocal and morphological data (Cadena et al. 2004) additionally suggest that Gymnomystax and Hypopyrrhus are sister genera.  Powell et al. (2014) found that these four genera likely form a monophyletic group.

 

24b. "Tachyphonus valeryi," described from two specimens from northeastern Peru and considered a valid species by Hellmayr (1936), is now known to be a synonym of the icterid Lampropsar t. tanagrinus (Zimmer 1945, Bond 1951a, Storer 1955). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

25. Called "Tepui Mountain-Grackle" in Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Jaramillo & Burke (1999); called "Golden-tufted Mountain-Grackle" in Hilty (2003).

 

25a. Curaeus curaeus was listed by Hellmayr (1937) as Notiopsar curaeus, but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966).

 

25b. Curaeus forbesi was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Pinto 1944, Meyer de Schauensee 1966) placed in the genus Agelaius, but recent classifications have followed Blake (1968b) and Short & Parkes (1979) in placing it in Curaeus.  Powell et al. (2014) found that the two species in Curaeus are not sister taxa, and named a new genus, Anumara, for forbesi.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Anumara.

 

25c. Genetic data (Lanyon 1994, Johnson & Lanyon 1999, Powell et al. 2014) indicate that Amblyramphus and Curaeus (based on C. curaeus) are sister genera, but see 25b.

 

26. Called "Scarlet-hooded Blackbird" in Ridgely & Tudor (1994).

 

27. North American and South American Agelaius are not closely related to each other (Lanyon 1994, Johnson & Lanyon 1999). Therefore, Chrysomus Swainson, 1837, has been resurrected for the South American species. However, Chrysomus itself is paraphyletic with respect to Pseudoleistes and Xanthopsar (Johnson & Lanyon 1999): genetic data (REFS, Johnson & Lanyon 1999) indicate that (a) C. icterocephalus and C. ruficapillus are sister species, and that they form a sister group to Xanthopsar + Pseudoleistes; and (b) C. cyanopus and C. xanthophthalmus are sister species, that C. thilius is the sister of this pair of species, and that together these three form a sister-group to a group of taxa that consists of Agelaioides, the other two South American Chrysomus (icterocephalus and ruficapillus), Xanthopsar, and Pseudoleistes.  Lowther et al. (2004) proposed the resurrection of Agelasticus for C. cyanopus, C. xanthophthalmus, and C. thilius to keep Chrysomus monophyletic. SACC proposal passed to recognize Agelasticus for cyanopus, xanthophthalmus, and thilius.  Powell et al. (2014) confirmed these relationships.

 

27a. Lopes (2017) provided rationale for treatment of the subspecies atroolivaceus (including also subspecies unicolor) should be treated as a separate species from Agelasticus cyanopus.  SACC proposal to treat atroolivaceus (+ unicolor and “xenicus”) as a separate species from (nominate cyanopus + “beniensis”) did not pass.

 

28. Xanthopsar was merged into Agelaius by Short (1975), a treatment followed by Ridgely & Tudor (1989).  Genetic data, however, strongly support a sister relationship between Xanthopsar and Pseudoleistes (Johnson & Lanyon 1999). SACC proposal to merge Xanthopsar into Agelaius did not pass.  Powell et al. (2014) confirmed the sister relationship of Xanthopsar and Pseudoleistes.

 

28a. Barreiro & Pérez del Val (2001) showed that the dubious taxon "Icterus xantholaemus" is a synonym of Xanthopsar flavus.

 

29. Lowther (2001) proposed the new name Agelaioides oreopsar for this species if merged into Agelaioides (because bolivianus preoccupied in that genus); these two species are almost certainly sisters.  However, if Oreopsar maintained as monotypic genus, then there is no need for new name.  Johnson & Lanyon (1999) proposed that the genera be merged, with "Molothrus" badius becoming "Oreopsar badius"; however, if the genera are merged, Agelaioides has priority.

 

29a. Reported from Trinidad by ffrench (1991); the record was backed by unpublished photos by Tim Manolis.  Subsequently, Manolis submitted the photos to the TTBSDC, and the record was accepted (Kenefick 2019). SACC proposal passed to add to main list.

 

30. Agelaioides badius has been treated as a species of Molothrus for most of this century; genetic data, however, show that badius is not a Molothrus (Lanyon 1992, Johnson & Lanyon 1999, Powell et al. 2014).

 

30a. Formerly treated as a single species, A. badius (Bay-winged Cowbird), which was called "Baywing" in Jaramillo & Burke (1999) and Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001).  SACC proposal passed to change to Baywing.  Jaramillo & Burke (1999) proposed that the subspecies fringillarius should be considered as a separate species from Agelaioides badius.  Fraga (2011) treated it as a separate species and called it “Pale Baywing” and A. badius “Greyish Baywing”.  SACC proposal passed to treat fringillarius as a separate species, Pale Baywing, from A. badius, Grayish Baywing.

 

31. Molothrus oryzivorus was formerly (e.g., Blake 1968b, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Ridgely & Tudor 1989) placed in the monotypic genus Scaphidura, but see Lanyon (1992), REFS, Johnson & Lanyon (1999), and Powell et al. (2014). Earlier (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a), it had been placed in the monotypic genus Psomocolax, but see Parkes (1954).

 

32. The isolated subspecies armenti of northern Colombia was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970, AOU 1983) treated as a separate species ("Bronze-brown Cowbird") from Molothrus aeneus, but see Dugand & Eisenmann (1983).  Fraga (2011) treated it as a separate species.  SACC proposal to treat armenti as a separate species did not pass.

 

32a. Molothrus aeneus was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937) placed in the monotypic genus Tangavius, but Parkes & Blake (1965) provided rationale for its inclusion in Molothrus, as corroborated by genetic data (Lanyon 1992, REFS, Johnson & Lanyon 1999, Powell et al. 2014).

 

32b. Formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1939) known as "Red-eyed Cowbird."

 

33. Quiscalus lugubris may form a superspecies with West Indian Q. niger (AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937) placed in a separate genus, Holoquiscalus.  Genetic data, however, do not support either treatment (Johnson & Lanyon 1999).

 

34. Quiscalus mexicanus forms a superspecies with North American Q. major (Mayr & Short 1970, Sibley & Monroe 1990, AOU 1998); they were formerly considered conspecific (and in a separate genus, Cassidix; e.g., Hellmayr 1937), but Selander & Giller (1961) and Pratt (1991) showed that they breed sympatrically with limited interbreeding.  Genetic data (e.g., Johnson & Lanyon 1999) support their traditional treatment as sister species, although western populations of Q. mexicanus appear to be sister to extinct Q. palustris of Mexico (Powell et al. 2014).

 

35. Sturnella militaris and S. superciliaris have often been treated in a separate genus, Leistes (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Blake 1968b, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970, Parker & Remsen 1987, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Haverschmidt & Mees 1994).  Short (1968) provided rationale for merging Leistes into Sturnella; S. defilippii, for example, is intermediate between the two groups.  Genetic data make it clear that Leistes cannot be recognized as a genus without making Sturnella paraphyletic or resurrecting Pezites (REFS, Powell et al. 2014); see Note 38.

 

35a. Sturnella militaris and S. superciliaris have occasionally been called “Meadowlark,” which more accurately reflects their phylogenetic relationships.  SACC proposal passed to change to “Red-breasted Meadowlark” and “White-browed Meadowlark”.

 

36. Sturnella superciliaris and S. militaris were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Pinto 1944, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Blake 1968b, AOU 1983, Wetmore et al. 1984) treated as conspecific; most recent classifications have followed Meyer de Schauensee (1970) in treating them as separate species, because no signs of intergradation have been detected in areas of potential contact (see Ridgely & Tudor 1989). Sibley & Monroe (1990) treated them as forming a superspecies, but also included S. bellicosus in that superspecies.

 

37. Sturnella defilippii was formerly known as S. militaris, but that name is preoccupied when Leistes is merged with Sturnella; see Short (1968).

 

38. Sturnella bellicosus, S. defilippii, and S. loyca were formerly treated as conspecific and in a separate genus, Pezites (e.g., Hellmayr 1937, Pinto 1944, Blake 1968b), but see Short (1968) for their treatment as separate species in a superspecies and for merger of Pezites in Sturnella.  Powell et al. (2014) found that these species and the two Sturnella formerly placed in Leistes (see Note 35) are deeply divergent from North American Sturnella, more so than most icterid genera.  SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence of species in Sturnella.  Remsen et al. (2016) recommended recognizing Leistes to include not just Sturnella militaris and S. superciliaris but also the three species formerly included in Pezites, as in Dickinson & Christidis (2014); this was followed by Chesser et al. (2017).  SACC proposal passed to recognize Leistes.

 

39. Called "Peruvian Red-breasted Meadowlark" in Meyer de Schauensee (1970), but most recent authors have followed Ridgely & Tudor's (1989) shortened name.

 

40. Called "Lesser Red-breasted Meadowlark" in Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970), but most recent authors have followed Short (1968).

 

41. Dolichonyx is often placed in a monotypic subfamily (e.g., Blake 1968b), but see (Lanyon REFS), Johnson & Lanyon 1999, and Powell et al. (2014).  Remsen et al. (2016) recommended recognition of the subfamily Dolichonychinae as well as the subfamilies Sturnellinae, Amblycercinae, Cacicinae (see Schodde & Remsen 2016), Icterinae, and Agelaiinae to recognize the deep divisions in the family shown by Powell et al. (2014); this was followed by Chesser et al. (2017).  SACC proposal passed to add subfamilies.

 

 

PARULIDAE (WOOD-WARBLERS) 1

Seiurus aurocapilla Ovenbird (NB) 1, 11

Helmitheros vermivorum Worm-eating Warbler (V) 1, 10, 10b

Parkesia noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush (NB) 12

Parkesia motacilla Louisiana Waterthrush (NB) 12

Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler (NB) 1a

Vermivora cyanoptera Blue-winged Warbler (NB) 1b

Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler (NB)

Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary Warbler (NB) 1a

Leiothlypis peregrina Tennessee Warbler (NB) 1a

Oporornis agilis Connecticut Warbler (NB)

Geothlypis aequinoctialis Masked Yellowthroat 14

Geothlypis philadelphia Mourning Warbler (NB)

Geothlypis formosa Kentucky Warbler (NB) 13

Geothlypis semiflava Olive-crowned Yellowthroat

Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat (NB)

Setophaga citrina Hooded Warbler (NB) 15, 15a

Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart (NB) 2

Setophaga tigrina Cape May Warbler (NB)

Setophaga cerulea Cerulean Warbler (NB)

Setophaga americana Northern Parula (NB) 2, 2a, 2c

Setophaga pitiayumi Tropical Parula 2, 2a, 2d

Setophaga magnolia Magnolia Warbler (NB)

Setophaga castanea Bay-breasted Warbler (NB)

Setophaga fusca Blackburnian Warbler (NB)

Setophaga petechia Yellow Warbler 4

Setophaga pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler (NB) 2, 3

Setophaga striata Blackpoll Warbler (NB) 5

Setophaga caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler (NB)

Setophaga palmarum Palm Warbler (NB)

Setophaga coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler (NB)

Setophaga dominica Yellow-throated Warbler (V) 8

Setophaga discolor Prairie Warbler (NB)

Setophaga townsendi Townsend's Warbler (V) 7

Setophaga virens Black-throated Green Warbler (NB)

Myiothlypis luteoviridis Citrine Warbler 22

Myiothlypis basilica Santa Marta Warbler 22b

Myiothlypis leucophrys White-striped Warbler

Myiothlypis flaveola Flavescent Warbler 22a, 28

Myiothlypis leucoblephara White-browed Warbler 29, 29a

Myiothlypis nigrocristata Black-crested Warbler 22

Myiothlypis signata Pale-legged Warbler 22, 22a

Myiothlypis fulvicauda Buff-rumped Warbler 30, 31

Myiothlypis rivularis Riverbank Warbler 30, 31, 32

Myiothlypis bivittata Two-banded Warbler 21c, 21e

Myiothlypis chrysogaster Golden-bellied Warbler 21d, 21e

Myiothlypis conspicillata White-lored Warbler 23

Myiothlypis cinereicollis Gray-throated Warbler

Myiothlypis fraseri Gray-and-gold Warbler

Myiothlypis coronata Russet-crowned Warbler 23a

Basileuterus rufifrons Rufous-capped Warbler 26

Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler 25, 25a

Basileuterus ignotus Pirre Warbler 27

Basileuterus tristriatus Three-striped Warbler 27, 27a

Basileuterus trifasciatus Three-banded Warbler 24, 27a

Basileuterus griseiceps Gray-headed Warbler

Cardellina canadensis Canada Warbler (NB) 15, 15a

Cardellina pusilla Wilson's Warbler (V) 15, 15a, 15b

Myioborus miniatus Slate-throated Redstart 16

Myioborus brunniceps Brown-capped Redstart 17, 18

Myioborus flavivertex Yellow-crowned Redstart 21, 21f

Myioborus albifrons White-fronted Redstart 21, 21b

Myioborus ornatus Golden-fronted Redstart 21, 21a, 21b

Myioborus melanocephalus Spectacled Redstart 21a

Myioborus pariae Paria Redstart 18, 18b, 18c

Myioborus albifacies White-faced Redstart 18, 18a

Myioborus cardonai Saffron-breasted Redstart 18, 18a, 19

Myioborus castaneocapilla Tepui Redstart 17, 17a, 18, 18a

 

 

1. Several genetic data sets indicate that the sister family of the Parulidae is the Icteridae (e.g., Bledsoe 1988, Barker et al. 2002, Yuri & Mindell 2002) [and get other subsequent REFS]. <incorp. Lovette & Bermingham 1999> The family was known in the older literature as "Compsothlypidae."  Genetic data (Lovette et al. 2010) indicates that the traditional sequence of genera needs modification to reflect relationships among the genera, e.g., Seiurus is sister to all other Parulidae, and Helmitheros is then sister to all other genera.  SACC proposal passed to revise generic limits and sequence.

 

1a.  Genetic data (Avise et al. 1980, Klein et al. 2004, Lovette & Hochachka 2006) indicate that the genus Vermivora is not monophyletic, with the true Vermivora (V. pinus and V. chrysoptera) probably more closely related to Protonotaria and Limnothlypis than to the other species such as "V." peregrina.  Sangster (2008a) named a new genus, Leiothlypis, for the dull "Vermivora," including "V." peregrina, but this was merged into a resurrected Oreothlypis by Chesser et al. (2010).  SACC proposal to recognize Oreothlypis did not pass.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Leiothlypis for V. peregrina.

 

1b. Olson and Reveal (2009) showed that pinus is not the correct name for this species and formally introduced a new name for the species, Vermivora cyanoptera.  This was followed by Chesser et al. (2010).  SACC proposal passed to change name to cyanoptera.

 

2. Until recently, known as Parula americana (and presumably P. pitiayumi), but Lovette & Bermingham (2002) and Klein et al. (2004) found that these two species are nested with Dendroica according to analyses of molecular data.  The genus Parula was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1935, Pinto 1944) known as Compsothlypis, but see AOU (1947).  Further sampling (Lovette et al. 2010) revealed that Dendroica is paraphyletic with respect to Setophaga, as indicated in previous analyses (Avise et al. 1980, Lovette & Bermingham 1999, Klein et al. 2004); this had been suggested by previous analyses of behavior, song, and plumage (Ficken & Ficken 1965, Parkes 1961b, Spector 1992, Mayr & Short 1970).  Setophaga is the oldest name, which required the merger of Dendroica and Parula into Setophaga.  SACC proposal passed to revise generic limits and sequence of species.

 

2a.  Setophaga americana and S. pitiayumi constitute a superspecies (Mayr & Short 1970, Sibley & Monroe 1990); they have been considered (e.g., REF) or suspected of (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1966) being conspecific.

 

2c. Formerly (e.g., AOU 1957) called "Parula Warbler."

 

2d. Formerly (e.g., AOU 1957) called "Olive-backed Warbler."

 

3. Three sight reports from northern Colombia (Orejuela et al. 1980; Hilty & Brown 1986), and two specimens and at least eight sight reports from northern Venezuela (Hilty 2003); sight records from Aruba and Bonaire (Voous 1983) and Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001); at least eight records from Trinidad and Tobago (Kenefick 2017).

 

4. Formerly, many authors treated the "Yellow Warbler” complex as consisting of multiple species (e.g. Ridgway 1902, Hellmayr 1935), but Aldrich (1942) provided the rationale for treatment of all as conspecific; this was followed by most subsequent authors (e.g., AOU 1945).  However, many recent authors suspect that the breeding populations of Setophaga petechia in South America may represent one or more separate species from North American wintering populations; species limits in the "Yellow Warbler” complex are controversial (Klein and Brown 1994). Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) used a two-species classification, with North American wintering populations as one species, S. aestiva ("Yellow Warbler") and tropical resident populations as another, S. petechia ("Mangrove Warbler").  A three-species classification, as used by Hilty (2003), would separate the tropical populations into two species: mainly Pacific coastal populations, S. erithachorides ("Mangrove Warbler"), and Caribbean S. petechia ("Golden Warbler").  Olson (1980) noted that the South American populations on the Pacific coast show a gradation of characters between the erithachorides and petechia groups. SACC proposal to split petechia into two or more species did not pass due to insufficient published data.

 

5. Setophaga striata was known in some older literature (e.g., Pinto 1944, Zimmer 1949) as Dendroica breviunguis, but see Banks & Browning (1995).

 

6. [deleted]

 

7. One specimen from northern Colombia (Marinkelle 1970, Hilty & Brown 1986).

 

8. One “Bogotá” specimen presumably from Colombia (Salaman et al. 2008) and one photographic record (Ellery et al. 2009); see Hilty & Brown (1986) and Strewe & Navarro (2004) for additional sight reports from Colombia.

 

10. One specimen and one sight report from northern Venezuela (Lentino et al. 1984; Hilty 2003); one sight report from Colombia (Donegan & Huertas 2002).  <Bonaire record>

 

10b. Helmitheros is neuter, so the correct spelling of the species name is vermivorum (David & Gosselin 2002b).

 

11. Correct spelling for species name is aurocapilla (David & Gosselin 2002a), not aurocapillus, as in most references.

 

12.  Genetic data (Avise et al. 1980, Lovette & Bermingham 2002, Hebert et al. 2004, Klein et al. 2004, Lovette & Hochachka 2006) indicate that the waterthrushes, Seiurus noveboracensis and S. motacilla, are not particularly closely related to S. aurocapilla; new generic assignment needed.  Sangster (2008b) named a new genus, Parkesia, for noveboracensis and motacilla.  This was followed by Chesser et al. (2010).  SACC proposal passed to recognize Parkesia.

 

13. Oporornis was merged into Geothlypis by some authors (e.g., Lowery & Monroe 1968), but see Raikow (1978).  The merger of all species except O. agilis is consistent with genetic data (Lovette & Bermingham 2002, Lovette et al. 2010).  SACC proposal passed to revise generic limits and sequence.

 

14. Escalante-Pliego (1992) considered auricularis (with peruviana) of western Peru and Ecuador and the velata subspecies group of southern South America as separate species from Geothlypis aequinoctialis, as they had been treated by (REF - fide Meyer de Schauensee 1966 - trace).  Ridgely & Tudor (1989) pointed out that auricularis (with peruviana) differs in plumage from other aequinoctialis at least as much as do taxa of Geothlypis yellowthroats treated as full species in Middle America. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) followed Escalante-Pliego (1992) in treating auricularis, velata, and Central American chiriquensis as separate species from aequinoctialis, but see Wetmore et al. (1984). SACC proposal to elevate auricularis and velata to species rank did not pass due to insufficient published data. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) also suggested that vocal differences between auricularis and the subspecies peruviana indicated that peruviana should also be recognized as a separate species.  We note that North American G. trichas shows remarkable geographic variation in song (BNA REF), and so we urge caution in comparing vocalizations among localities without taking into account potential geographic variation from across the range of any Geothlypis species complex.

 

15. Genetic data (Klein et al. 2004, Lovette et al. 2010) indicates that Wilsonia citrina is not closely related to the other two former Wilsonia (see Note 15a), but falls within the genus Setophaga (SACC proposal passed to revise generic limits).

 

15a. Cardellina canadensis and C. pusilla were formerly placed in the genus Wilsonia, but see Lovette et al. (2010).

 

15b. One photographic record from central Colombia (Ocampo-Tobón 2005); also one sight record from northwestern Colombia (Pearman 1993).  Two additional unpublished sight records from northern Colombia are also mentioned by Ocampo-Tobón (2005).

 

16. Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), Curson et al. (1994), Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001), Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and (Hilty 2003) used the name "Whitestart" for members of the genus Myioborus, but see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Rowlett (2003) for reasons for retaining "Redstart" as the group name. SACC proposal to change English names to "Whitestarts" did not pass. A second proposal to change English names to "Whitestarts" also did not pass.  The name “redstart” is derived from the superficial overall similarity to Eurasian Phoenicurus redstarts (which are also not red), just as parulids are called warblers, tyrannids are called flycatchers, and Icterus species are called orioles, etc.; “redstart” does not specifically to red in the tail (which in the original New World redstart, American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla, is also not red, but orange).

 

17. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suspected that castaneocapilla, traditionally (e.g., Phelps & Phelps 1950a) treated as a northern subspecies of Myioborus brunniceps, might deserve treatment as a separate species, and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) treated castaneocapillus (with duidae and macguirei) as a separate species based on differences in songs; this was followed by Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Hilty (2003).  SACC proposal passed to elevate castaneocapillus to species rank.  Genetic data (Pérez-Emán 2005, Lovette et al. 2010) strongly support treatment of castaneocapillus as a separate species, which is the sister species to M. cardonai, and not closely related to M. brunniceps.

 

17a. Correct spelling is castaneocapilla, not castaneocapillus (David & Gosselin 2002a).

 

18. Myioborus brunniceps, M. castaneocapilla, M. pariae, M. cardonai, and M. albifacies are considered a superspecies by Ridgely and Tudor (1989) and Sibley & Monroe (1990).  Genetic data (Pérez-Emán 2005, Lovette et al. 2010) indicate that M. brunniceps, however, is not part of this group.

 

18a. Evidence for treating Myioborus cardonai and M. albifacies as separate species from M. castaneocapilla is weak; see Hilty (2003). Furthermore, although traditionally treated as a separate species from Myioborus cardonai, Ridgely and Tudor (1989) pointed out that justification for treating M. albifacies as a separate species from M. cardonai is also weak. However, genetic data (Pérez-Emán 2005, Lovette et al. 2010) suggest that M. castaneocapilla is paraphyletic with respect to M. cardonai, and that M. albifacies is the sister to these two.

 

18b. For rationale for treating Myioborus pariae, originally described as a subspecies of M. brunniceps, as a full species, see Phelps and Phelps (1963). Species rank is also supported by genetic data (Pérez-Emán 2005, Lovette et al. 2010).

 

18c. Called "Paria Redstart" by Ridgely and Tudor (1989) and Hilty (2003), but formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee (1970) called "Yellow-faced Redstart." SACC proposal passed to change English name from "Yellow-faced Redstart" to "Paria Redstart".

 

19. Called "Guaiquinima Redstart" by Ridgely and Tudor (1989) and Hilty (2003). SACC proposal to change English name to "Guaiquinima Redstart" did not pass.

 

21. Myioborus ornatus, M. melanocephalus, M. albifrons, and M. flavivertex with Central American M. torquatus are considered a superspecies by Ridgely and Tudor (1989); Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered only M. melanocephalus and M. ornatus to form a superspecies.  Genetic data (Pérez-Emán 2005, Lovette et al. 2010) indicate that suggest that Myioborus ornatus, M. melanocephalus, and M. albifrons form a monophyletic group, but M. flavivertex cannot be confirmed as a member of this group, and there is little support for inclusion of M. torquatus.

 

21a. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) pointed out that Myioborus ornatus and M. melanocephalus ruficoronatus may intergrade in northern Ecuador and southern Colombia, and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) suggested that further studies may show M. ornatus and M. melanocephalus to be conspecific; genetic data (Lovette et al. 2010) indicate that they are sister taxa and barely differentiated. The subspecies ruficoronatus of southwestern Colombia and Ecuador was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1935) treated as a separate species from M. melanocephalus, but see Meyer de Schauensee (1946) and Zimmer (1949) for rationale for treating them as conspecific.  Genetic data (Pérez-Emán 2005) indicate, however, that ruficoronatus is more closely related to M. ornatus than to M. melanocephalus, as is suggested by their probable introgression where parapatric.  Rather than include M. m. ruficoronatus in M. ornatus, another option is to treat M. ornatus and M. melanocephalus as conspecific, as suggested by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001). SACC proposal needed.

 

21b. Evidence for treating Myioborus albifrons as a separate species from M. ornatus was considered weak by Hilty (2003), but genetic data (Pérez-Emán 2005, Lovette et al. 2010) indicate that it merits treatment at the species rank if M. ornatus and M. melanocephalus are ranked as species-level taxa.

 

21c. Hilty (2003) treated Tepui populations of Myiothlypis bivittata as a separate species, M. roraimae, but presented no evidence. SACC proposal to split roraimae from bivittata did not pass due to insufficient published data.  Genetic data suggest but cannot confirm that they are sister species (Lovette et al. 2010).  New SACC proposal to treat roraimae as a separate species did not pass.

 

21d. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) treated the northern subspecies chlorophrys as a separate species from Myiothlypis chrysogaster based on differences in descriptions of songs; see Zimmer (1949) for rationale for considering them sister taxa. SACC proposal to split chlorophrys from chrysogaster did not pass due to insufficient published data. 

 

21e. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suggested that Myiothlypis bivittata and M. chrysogaster might be conspecific, but see Zimmer (1949), Ridgely & Tudor (1989), and Lovette et al. (2010).

 

21f. Called "Santa Marta Whitestart" in Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990).

 

22. As noted by Ridgely and Tudor (1989), species limits and relationships among Myiothlypis luteoviridis, M. signata, and M. nigrocristata may be more complicated than indicated by current species limits; the subspecies euophrys (of M. luteoviridis) is more similar in some plumage features to M. nigrocristata than it is to other M. luteoviridis, and its ecological relationship to M. signata (often syntopic) differs from that of other luteoviridis subspecies; euophrys was once considered a subspecies of M. nigrocristata (e.g., Hellmayr 1935), but see Zimmer (1949).  The subspecies richardsoni of western Colombia was formerly (e.g. Hellmayr 1935) treated as a separate species.  Genetic data suggest but do not confirm that M. signata and M. nigrocristata are sister species (Lovette et al. 2010).

 

22a. Based on plumage pattern and coloration, Zimmer (1949) considered Myiothlypis signata and M. flaveola to be sister species that might be considered conspecific, but subsequent authors have kept them distant in linear sequences.  Genetic data confirm that they are not sister species (Lovette et al. 2010).

 

22b. Although Hellmayr (1935) and Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suspected that Myiothlypis basilica was part of the Basileuterus tristriatus complex due to plumage similarities, Lowery & Monroe (1968) moved it next to M. cinereicollis and M. conspicillata, evidently due to similarities in size and shape.  Genetic data (Gutiérrez-Pinto et al. 2012), however, indicate that it is sister to M. luteoviridis.

 

23. Myiothlypis conspicillata was formerly been considered a subspecies of M. cinereicollis (Hellmayr 1935) or M. coronata (Meyer de Schauensee 1970). Lowery & Monroe (1968) treated it as a full species, and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) pointed out that this treatment is best, in the absence of a thorough analysis, because M. conspicillata differs in plumage as much from either of those as they do from each other.  Genetic data indicate that M. conspicillata and M. cinereicollis are sister taxa (Lovette et al. 2010).

 

23a. The castaneiceps subspecies group of Ecuador and Peru was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1935) treated as a separate species from Myiothlypis coronata, but see Zimmer (1949).

 

24. Basileuterus trifasciatus has been considered by some (REFS) to be a subspecies of B. culicivorus; Zimmer (1949) pointed out the close relationship between the two, and Meyer de Schauensee (1966) pointed out that B. trifasciatus closely resembles the subspecies B. c. indignus of the Santa Marta mountains. Basileuterus trifasciatus presumably forms a superspecies with B. culicivorus and B. hypoleucus; Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered B. trifasciatus and B. culicivorus to form a superspecies but did not include B. hypoleucus.  Genetic data indicate that B. trifasciatus and B. tristriatus are sister species, and that they are sister to B. culicivorus + B. hypoleucus (Lovette et al. 2010); hypoleucus is now treated as a subspecies of B. culicivorus; see Note 25.

 

25. The subspecies hypoleucus has been traditionally treated as a separate species from B. culicivorus, and Lowery & Monroe (1968) and Meyer de Schauensee (1970) even placed Basileuterus culicivorus and B. hypoleucus far apart in their linear sequences.  However, they are almost certainly allotaxa, as suggested by Hellmayr (1935); they differ only in color of the underparts, and they hybridize to some extent in their areas of contact (Hellmayr 1935, Sick 2001).  Genetic data confirm that they are sister taxa (Lovette et al. 2010).  Vilaça & Santos (2010) provided genetic evidence that hypoleucus is not a separate species from B. culicivorus and cited unpublished thesis data that they do not differ vocally.  SACC proposal passed to treat hypoleucus as conspecific with B. culicivorus.

 

25a. The South American subspecies were formerly (e.g., Pinto 1944) treated as two separate species (B. auricapillus and B. cabanisi) from Middle American Basileuterus culicivorus.

 

26. The delatrii group of subspecies, from Guatemala south to northwestern South America, was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1935) treated as separate species from the Basileuterus rufifrons of (mainly) Mexico, but they evidently intergrade in Guatemala and Honduras (Monroe 1968, AOU 1983).

 

27. Basileuterus ignotus and B. tristriatus were formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) treated as conspecific, along with Central American B. melanogenys. Eisenmann (1955) and Lowery & Monroe (1968) treated melanogenys as a separate species, and ignotus as a subspecies of B. melanogenys (as it was originally described).  Hellmayr's (1935) linear sequence indicates that he did not think that they were so closely related.]  Ridgely (1976), AOU (1983), and most subsequent classifications treated all three as separate species. Wetmore et al. (1984) treated ignotus as a subspecies of B. melanogenys and noted that there is no evidence to support ranking of ignotus as a species.  SACC proposal needed.  Genetic data indicate that B. melanogenys and Middle America B. belli are sister taxa, and that B. tristriatus belongs in a different species group (Lovette et al. 2010).

 

27a.  Gutiérrez-Pinto et al. (2012) found that broadly defined Basileuterus tristriatus consists of 10 distinct clades, one of which is B. trifasciatus, which is the sister group to B. tristriatus tacarcunae of the Darién.  Donegan (2014) provided evidence that the Bolivian punctipectus group (including canens) should be treated as a separate species.  SACC proposal needed.

 

28. Hilty (2003) suspected that northern and southern populations of Myiothlypis flaveola might represent separate species.

 

29. Olson (1975b) proposed that Myiothlypis leucoblephara was closely related to Basileuterus griseiceps, but see Ridgely and Tudor (1989).

 

29a. Called "White-rimmed Warbler" by Ridgely and Tudor (1989). SACC proposal to change English name to "White-rimmed Warbler" did not pass.

 

30. Todd (1929) named the genus Phaeothlypis for fulvicauda, but excluded its sister species, P. rivularis, from Phaeothlypis. Lowery & Monroe (1968) expanded Phaeothlypis to include P. rivularis, and this was followed by some subsequent classifications (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998). However, most classifications (e.g., Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001) continued to follow Hellmayr (1935) in including Phaeothlypis in Basileuterus. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) noted that in terms of behavior and voice, some species then treated in Basileuterus (e.g., M. leucoblephara) were suspected of being more closely related to Phaeothlypis than they are to other Basileuterus. Wetmore et al. (1984) noted that inclusion of rivularis in Phaeothlypis leaves that genus undiagnosable. Eaton (2001) found that these Phaeothlypis and broadly defined Basileuterus share a pattern of cranial ossification that is unique within the Parulidae, and Lovette & Bermingham (2002) using genetic data found that Phaeothlypis is nested within one group of broadly defined Basileuterus.  Thorough taxon-sampling (Lovette et al. 2010) indicated that Basileuterus itself is not monophyletic and that the genus Myiothlypis needs to be resurrected for the majority of species in Basileuterus, and that Phaeothlypis should be merged into Basileuterus. SACC proposal passed to revise generic limits and sequence.  Because Myiothlypis is feminine (fide N. David), spelling of several species’ names with variable endings had to be changed.

 

31. Myiothlypis fulvicauda and M. rivularis have been treated as conspecific by many authors (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970); most recent authors (e.g., Lowery & Monroe 1968, AOU 1983, 1998, Ridgely and Tudor 1989) followed the suggestion by Miller (1952) that they should be regarded as separate species, as they had been treated by Hellmayr (1935); they constitute a superspecies (AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990).  MtDNA gene trees (Lovette 2004) suggested that M. fulvicauda and M. rivularis may not be monophyletic groups, although this in part may be due to gene flow between the two in southwestern Amazonia.

 

32. Although usually called "River Warbler" in New World literature, this is the long-standing name of Old World Locustella fluviatilis; therefore, we reluctantly create a new English name, which retains as much similarity as possible to the historical name. Clements & Shany (2001) called it "Neotropical River Warbler," Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001) called it "Streamside Warbler," and Hilty (2003) called it "Riverside Warbler."

 

 

MITROSPINGIDAE (MITROSPINGIDS) 1

 

Mitrospingus cassinii Dusky-faced Tanager

Mitrospingus oleagineus Olive-backed Tanager

Lamprospiza melanoleuca Red-billed Pied Tanager

Orthogonys chloricterus Olive-green Tanager

 

 

1. The genera Mitrospingus, Lamprospiza, and Orthogonys have been traditionally treated in the Thraupidae (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a, Sibley & Monroe 1990). Ridgway (1898) considered his new genus Mitrospingus to be most closely related to Eucometis.  Hellmayr (1936) considered Lamprospiza to be closely related to Conothraupis and Neothraupis.  However, genetic data (Yuri & Mindell 2002, Burns et al. 2003) failed to support inclusion of Mitrospingus or Lamprospiza in the Thraupidae.  Klicka et al. (2007) found that it did not fit within any of the traditionally recognized families.  Barker et al. (2013) found Mitrospingus is a member of a lineage that is not particularly close to other nine-primaried families and proposed creating a new family, Mitrospingidae, for it, Orthogonys, and Lamprospiza.  This treatment was followed by Dickinson & Christidis (2014) and Chesser et al. (2017).  SACC proposal passed to recognize Mitrospingidae.

 

 

 

CARDINALIDAE (CARDINAL GROSBEAKS) 1

Piranga flava Hepatic Tanager 2, 3

Piranga rubra Summer Tanager (NB)

Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager (NB) 3a

Piranga ludoviciana Western Tanager (V) 4

Piranga rubriceps Red-hooded Tanager

Piranga leucoptera White-winged Tanager 5

Habia rubica Red-crowned Ant-Tanager 6, 9, 9a

Habia fuscicauda Red-throated Ant-Tanager 7, 8, 9a

Habia gutturalis Sooty Ant-Tanager 7, 9a

Habia cristata Crested Ant-Tanager 9a

Chlorothraupis stolzmanni Ochre-breasted Tanager 9

Chlorothraupis carmioli Carmiol's Tanager 10, 11, 12

Chlorothraupis olivacea Lemon-spectacled Tanager 12, 13

Chlorothraupis frenata Yellow-lored Tanager 10

Pheucticus chrysogaster Golden Grosbeak 14, 15

Pheucticus aureoventris Black-backed Grosbeak

Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak (NB) 16

Granatellus pelzelni Rose-breasted Chat 33, 34

Cardinalis phoeniceus Vermilion Cardinal 18, 19

Periporphyrus erythromelas Red-and-black Grosbeak 22

Caryothraustes canadensis Yellow-green Grosbeak 20, 21, 22

Amaurospiza aequatorialis Ecuadorian Seedeater 37, 37a

Amaurospiza carrizalensis Carrizal Seedeater 37, 37b

Amaurospiza moesta Blackish-blue Seedeater 37

Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea Glaucous-blue Grosbeak 23, 24

Cyanoloxia cyanoides Blue-black Grosbeak 24, 25

Cyanoloxia rothschildii Amazonian Grosbeak 24, 25

Cyanoloxia brissonii Ultramarine Grosbeak 24, 25, 26

Passerina caerulea Blue Grosbeak (V) 24, 27, 27a

Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting (NB)

Spiza americana Dickcissel (NB) 28

 

 

1. This group is treated as a family, following AOU (1998). Tordoff (1954a) defined the group on the basis of shared characters of the skull to consist of Caryothraustes, Cyanocompsa, Passerina, Pheucticus, Cardinalis, Saltator, and Spiza, as well as extralimital Rhodothraupis). Sushkin (1924) considered Saltator to be a thick-billed tanager rather than a cardinalid or emberizid. Klicka et al. (2000) failed to find genetic support for inclusion of Saltator in this family, and this was later confirmed by Klicka et al. (2007), whose genetic data showed that the Cardinalidae, as defined above, is highly polyphyletic. A monophyletic Cardinalidae would require removal of Saltator and Parkerthraustes and inclusion of Amaurospiza, and Granatellus. SACC proposal passed to remove Saltator and Parkerthraustes; SACC proposal passed to include Amaurospiza, and Granatellus. <incorp. Bock (1960), Hellack 1976, Hellack & Schnell 1977>.   Barker et al. (2013) confirmed that the genera listed here are members of the Cardinalidae.  The current sequence of species in this family is meaningless and will be re-evaluated once proposals are processed.  SACC proposal on sequence of genera badly needed.

 

2. Although traditionally considered a member of the Thraupidae, strong genetic evidence indicates that the genus Piranga belongs in the Cardinalidae (Burns 1997, Klicka et al. 2000, 2007, Yuri & Mindell 2002, Burns et al. 2003). SACC proposal passed to transfer to Cardinalidae.

 

3. Zimmer (1929) was the first to treat all members of the P. flava group as a single species, and this has been followed by most subsequent authors, although AOU (1983, 1998) recognized three subspecies groups, and Isler & Isler (1987) suggested that each might be better treated as separate species.  Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) also proposed that this species probably consists of two or three separate species.  Two of these occur in South America: nominate flava of southern and eastern South America, and the lutea group of the Andes region (and also Panama and Costa Rica).  See Zimmer (1929) concerning earlier claims of sympatry between flava and lutea.  Burns (1998) proposed that the three subspecies groups should be treated as three phylogenetic species, and possibly biological species, based on comparative genetic distance data within Piranga.  Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Hilty (2011) treated the three groups as separate species. Haverschmidt and Mees (1994) treated the subspecies haemalea of the Tepuis as a separate species from P. flava based on habitat differences.  Manthey et al. (2016) found that haemalea was not part of the lutea group.  SACC proposal to recognize multiple species did not pass.

 

3a. Piranga olivacea was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1902) known as Piranga erythromelas, but see Hellmayr (1936).

 

4. One photographed in Netherlands Antilles (Wells and Wells 2002; also see http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/feature/cotinga18/westerntanager.html); SACC proposal passed to add to main list.  Also Photographed in Prov. Pichincha, Ecuador, 2 May 2019 (Freile et al. 2020).

 

5. Howell & Webb (1995) resurrected the genus Spermagra for Piranga leucoptera and Middle American P. erythrocephala.

 

6. Although traditionally considered a member of the Thraupidae, strong genetic evidence indicates that the genus Habia belongs in the Cardinalidae (Burns 1997, Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2000, 2007). SACC proposal passed to transfer to Cardinalidae.

 

6a. Deep genetic divergences among populations of Habia rubica suggest that more than one species may be involved (Lavinia et al. 2015, Ramírez-Barrera et al. 2018).

 

7. Habia fuscicauda and H. gutturalis are considered to form a superspecies (AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were considered conspecific by Hellmayr (1936); several subspecies formerly associated with gutturalis were transferred to H. fuscicauda by Meyer de Schauensee (1966).  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) confirm that they are sister taxa, at least with respect to H. rubica. Storer (1970a) suggested that Central American H. atromaxillaris might best be considered a subspecies of H. fuscicauda.

 

8. The Middle American subspecies salvini was formerly (e.g., REF) considered a separate species from Habia fuscicauda.

 

9. Although traditionally considered a member of the Thraupidae, strong genetic evidence (Burns 1997, Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2000, 2007) indicates that the genus Chlorothraupis belongs in the Cardinalidae. Similarity in behavior to Habia had been noted previously by Willis (1966).  SACC proposal passed to transfer to Cardinalidae.

 

9a. Klicka et al. (2007) found that Habia is paraphyletic with respect to Chlorothraupis, with H. rubica closer to Chlorothraupis than to H. fuscicauda + H. gutturalis.  Del Hoyo & Collar (2014) merged Chlorothraupis into Habia.  Scott et al. (2024), using new genetic data that showed that Habia rubica is sister to all Chlorothraupis but that the other four species are not closely related to H. rubica + Chlorothraupis, named a new genus, Driophlox, for the other four species formerly placed in Habia. SACC proposal badly needed. <wait for NACC version>>

 

10. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) treated the South American subspecies frenata as a separate species from Chlorothraupis carmioli based on descriptions of voice and disjunct distribution.  This was followed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), Restall et al. (2006), and del Hoyo & Collar (2016).  SACC proposal passed to treat frenata as a separate species.

 

11. Called "Olive Tanager" in AOU (1983, 1998), Isler & Isler (1987), Ridgely & Tudor (1989), Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and elsewhere, but this creates unnecessary confusion with C. olivacea; as noted by Meyer de Schauensee (1966), "Olive" is best used for those classification that consider the two conspecific, in which olivacea has priority.

 

12. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Chlorothraupis carmioli and C. olivacea to form a superspecies; Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suggested that they might prove to be conspecific.  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) indicate that they are sister taxa.

 

13. Formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970, AOU 1983, Wetmore et al. 1984) known as "Lemon-browed Tanager."

 

14. Hellmayr (1938), Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970), and Paynter (1970c) treated Pheucticus chrysogaster (and P. tibialis of Middle America) as subspecies of P. chrysopeplus of Mexico. Here, P. chrysogaster is treated as a separate species from P. chrysopeplus, following AOU (1983, 1998), Ridgely & Tudor (1989), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001). Evidence for either treatment is weak.  Pulgarín et al. (2013) found that Pheucticus aureoventris may be paraphyletic with respect to P. chrysogaster.

 

15. Called "Southern Yellow-Grosbeak" in Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001). SACC proposal to change English name to "Southern Yellow-Grosbeak" did not pass.  SACC proposal passed to change English name to “Golden Grosbeak”.  SACC proposal did not pass to change English name to something other than “Golden Grosbeak”.

 

16. Pheucticus ludovicianus and P. melanocephalus were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938) treated in a separate genus, Hedymeles, but REFS and Paynter (1970c) merged this into Pheucticus.  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) confirm that they are sister species and that the tropical Pheucticus species are their sister group.

 

17. Specimen from Curaçao (Voous 1985).

 

18. Paynter (1970c) considered Cardinalis phoeniceus to form a superspecies with North American C. cardinalis; Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suspected it was more closely related to North American C. sinuatus.  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007), however, indicate that C. phoeniceus and C. sinuatus are sisters.

 

19. The genus Cardinalis was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) known as Richmondena, but see Mayr et al. (1964), Eisenmann et al. (1973), and Banks & Browning (1995).

 

20. Caryothraustes canadensis forms a superspecies with Middle American C. poliogaster (Paynter 1970c, AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990).  Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suspected that they might best be treated as conspecific.  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) confirms that they are sister taxa.  Tonetti et al. (2017) proposed that Caryothraustes canadensis consists of two species (based largely on PSC rationale).  SACC proposal to treat brasiliensis (with frontalis) as a separate species did not pass.

 

21. Called "Green Grosbeak" by Hellmayr (1938), Meyer de Schauensee (1966), and AOU (1983).

 

22. Klicka et al. (2007) found that Caryothraustes, Periporphyrus, and Middle American Rhodothraupis formed a strongly supported group within the Cardinalidae and recommend merging the three genera into Caryothraustes. SACC proposal to merge genera did not pass.

 

23. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Indigo Grosbeak." SACC proposal passed to change English name to "Glaucous-blue Grosbeak," as in Ridgely & Tudor (1989).

 

24. Some authors merge Cyanocompsa into Passerina (e.g., Paynter 1970c). Klicka et al. (2000) found that the two genera are sisters. Klicka et al. (2007), with broader taxon sampling, confirmed that they are sisters but that the Cyanocompsa group also included Cyanoloxia and Amaurospiza, and recommended the merger of the three genera (Cyanoloxia has priority).  SACC proposal to expand Cyanoloxia did not pass.  Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Cyanocompsa brissonii and Middle American C. parellina to form a superspecies.  Klicka et al. (2007), however, showed that they are not sister species.  Bryson et al. (2014) found that C. parellina is actually sister to Passerina and recommended merger of parellina into Passerina.  This leaves Cyanoloxia available for cyanoides, brissonii, and glaucocaerulea, which is desirable because Bryson et al. (2014) also found that Cyanocompsa brissonii and Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea are sisters.  SACC proposal passed to merge Cyanocompsa into Cyanoloxia.

 

25. Bryson et al. (2014) found that the subspecies east of the Andes, rothschildii, was strongly divergent from trans-Andean populations and recommended that it be elevated to species rank.  They also found little evidence for gene flow between populations of the cyanoides group in contact in northern South America and suspected that two species may be involved.  García et al. (2016) recommended treating rothschildii as a separate species based on degree of genetic and plumage differences.  SACC proposal passed to treat rothschildii as a separate species.  SACC proposal passed to establish English names.

 

26. For use of brissonii over cyanea, see Paynter (1970c).

 

27. Passerina caerulea is often placed in the monotypic genus Guiraca (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Tamplin et al. 1993, AOU 1998, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001), but see Klicka et al. (2000, 2007) for inclusion in Passerina, a treatment used by some previous references (e.g., Paynter 1970c).

 

27a. One specimen and one sight record (Gochfeld et al. 1974) for Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986); one specimen from Ecuador (Ridgely 1980); one sight record for Venezuela (Pacheco-Benavente & Fernández-Ordóñez 2014).

 

28. Although the familial relationships of Spiza have sometimes been controversial (e.g., Beecher 1951b, 1953), several independent data sets now support its inclusion with the Cardinalidae (Stallcup 1954, Tordoff 1954a, REFS, Klicka et al. 2000, 2007).

 

33. Recent genetic data (Lovette & Bermingham 2002) show that the genus Granatellus is not a member of the Parulidae (but true relationships uncertain, perhaps closest to Cardinalidae); Lowery & Monroe (1968) suspected that it did not belong in the Parulidae, and Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suspected that it belonged in the Thraupidae. Storer (1970a) suspected that plumage similarities between Granatellus and Rhodinocichla suggested a close relationship between the two.  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) indicate strong support for placement in the Cardinalidae. SACC proposal passed to transfer Granatellus to Cardinalidae.

 

34. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Granatellus pelzelni to form a superspecies with Middle American G. venustus and G. sallaei.  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2000) confirm the monophyly of the genus and indicate that G. pelzelni is basal to the other two.

 

37. Although linear classifications traditionally place Amaurospiza in the Emberizidae near Oryzoborus and Sporophila (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Paynter 1970a), Paynter (1970a) noted that plumage pattern and habitat suggests a relationship to Cyanocompsa and Passerina in the Cardinalidae. Amaurospiza was placed between Sporophila and Cyanospiza (= Passerina) by Ridgway (1901), who proposed a close relationship to Cyanospiza. Beecher (1953) and Tordoff (1954 <a or b?>) used morphological characters to propose that Amaurospiza belonged in the Emberizidae and was thus not close to the cardinalines.  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) now confirm that Amaurospiza belongs on the Cardinalidae, as originally proposed by Ridgway. SACC proposal passed to transfer to Cardinalidae.

 

37a. Species limits in Amaurospiza are controversial and vary widely among classifications.  Bryson et al. (2014) found that Amaurospiza concolor is paraphyletic with respect to A. carrizalensis and proposed elevating the South American subspecies aequatorialis to species rank.  SACC proposal to treat aequatorialis as a separate species did not pass.  Areta et al. (2023) used new vocal and genetic data to propose that aequatorialis merits species rank.  Gill et al. (2023) already treated this taxon as a separate species, Ecuadorian Seedeater, based on Bryson et al. (2014).  SACC proposal passed to treat aequatorialis as a separate species.

 

37b. Described since Meyer de Schauensee (1970): Lentino & Restall (2003). SACC proposal passed to recognize Amaurospiza carrizalensis as a species. SACC proposal passed to change name to "Carrizal Seedeater" from Lentino & Restall's "Carrizal Blue Seedeater," which if retained would have required a modifier for the traditional name "Blue Seedeater" for A. concolor.

 

 

THRAUPIDAE (TANAGERS) 1

Cyanicterus cyanicterus Blue-backed Tanager

Nemosia pileata Hooded Tanager 3a

Nemosia rourei Cherry-throated Tanager 3a

Compsothraupis loricata Scarlet-throated Tanager 2

Sericossypha albocristata White-capped Tanager 3, 3a

Orchesticus abeillei Brown Tanager

Parkerthraustes humeralis Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak 162

Catamblyrhynchus diadema Plushcap 58, 58a

Chlorophanes spiza Green Honeycreeper 42, 42a

Iridophanes pulcherrimus Golden-collared Honeycreeper 43, 43b

Chrysothlypis chrysomelas Black-and-yellow Tanager 43d, 45

Chrysothlypis salmoni Scarlet-and-white Tanager 46

Heterospingus xanthopygius Scarlet-browed Tanager 43c, 43d

Hemithraupis guira Guira Tanager 44, 43d

Hemithraupis ruficapilla Rufous-headed Tanager 44

Hemithraupis flavicollis Yellow-backed Tanager

Conirostrum bicolor Bicolored Conebill 48

Conirostrum margaritae Pearly-breasted Conebill 48

Conirostrum speciosum Chestnut-vented Conebill 47, 48

Conirostrum leucogenys White-eared Conebill 48

Conirostrum binghami Giant Conebill 50

Conirostrum ferrugineiventre White-browed Conebill 50

Conirostrum sitticolor Blue-backed Conebill

Conirostrum albifrons Capped Conebill 48c

Conirostrum tamarugense Tamarugo Conebill 49

Conirostrum rufum Rufous-browed Conebill

Conirostrum cinereum Cinereous Conebill 48b

Sicalis citrina Stripe-tailed Yellow-Finch 93

Sicalis lutea Puna Yellow-Finch

Sicalis uropygialis Bright-rumped Yellow-Finch 93b

Sicalis luteocephala Citron-headed Yellow-Finch

Sicalis auriventris Greater Yellow-Finch

Sicalis olivascens Greenish Yellow-Finch 94, 94a

Sicalis mendozae Monte Yellow-Finch 94, 94a

Sicalis lebruni Patagonian Yellow-Finch 94, 94b

Sicalis columbiana Orange-fronted Yellow-Finch

Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch 95, 96

Sicalis luteola Grassland Yellow-Finch 97, 98

Sicalis raimondii Raimondi's Yellow-Finch 98

Sicalis taczanowskii Sulphur-throated Finch 99

Phrygilus atriceps Black-hooded Sierra Finch 68, 68a, 69, 70, 71

Phrygilus punensis Peruvian Sierra Finch 69, 70

Phrygilus gayi Gray-hooded Sierra Finch 69, 70

Phrygilus patagonicus Patagonian Sierra Finch 70

Geospizopsis unicolor Plumbeous Sierra Finch 68a, 71

Geospizopsis plebejus Ash-breasted Sierra Finch 71

Rhopospina fruticeti Mourning Sierra Finch 68a, 71

Rhopospina alaudina Band-tailed Sierra Finch 71

Rhopospina carbonaria Carbonated Sierra Finch 73

Rhopospina caerulescens Blue Finch 67

Idiopsar dorsalis Red-backed Sierra Finch 68a, 72, 74

Idiopsar erythronotus White-throated Sierra Finch 72, 74

Idiopsar speculifer Glacier Finch 75, 76, 76a

Idiopsar brachyurus Boulder Finch 74, 75, 75a

Melanodera melanodera White-bridled Finch 77, 78

Melanodera xanthogramma Yellow-bridled Finch

Catamenia analis Band-tailed Seedeater 138, 93

Catamenia inornata Plain-colored Seedeater

Catamenia homochroa Paramo Seedeater 139

Diglossa gloriosissima Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer 54

Diglossa lafresnayii Glossy Flowerpiercer 54

Diglossa mystacalis Moustached Flowerpiercer 54

Diglossa gloriosa Merida Flowerpiercer 55

Diglossa humeralis Black Flowerpiercer 55

Diglossa brunneiventris Black-throated Flowerpiercer 55

Diglossa carbonaria Gray-bellied Flowerpiercer 55

Diglossa venezuelensis Venezuelan Flowerpiercer 56

Diglossa albilatera White-sided Flowerpiercer 56

Diglossa duidae Scaled Flowerpiercer

Diglossa major Greater Flowerpiercer

Diglossa indigotica Indigo Flowerpiercer 57

Diglossa sittoides Rusty Flowerpiercer 52, 52a, 53

Diglossa glauca Deep-blue Flowerpiercer 57, 57a

Diglossa caerulescens Bluish Flowerpiercer 55, 57

Diglossa cyanea Masked Flowerpiercer 55, 57, 57b

Xenodacnis parina Tit-like Dacnis 51, 51a

Haplospiza rustica Slaty Finch 79

Haplospiza unicolor Uniform Finch 79, 80

Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit 106, 107, 93

Conothraupis speculigera Black-and-white Tanager 1c

Conothraupis mesoleuca Cone-billed Tanager 1c, 1cc

Creurgops verticalis Rufous-crested Tanager 4

Creurgops dentatus Slaty Tanager 4, 4a, 4b, 4c

Loriotus cristatus Flame-crested Tanager 14, 14a, 14aa, 14b

Loriotus rufiventer Yellow-crested Tanager 14c

Loriotus luctuosus White-shouldered Tanager 14

Tachyphonus surinamus Fulvous-crested Tanager 14

Tachyphonus delatrii Tawny-crested Tanager

Tachyphonus coronatus Ruby-crowned Tanager 14, 14d

Tachyphonus rufus White-lined Tanager 14d

Tachyphonus phoenicius Red-shouldered Tanager 14d

Eucometis penicillata Gray-headed Tanager 14, 14e

Trichothraupis melanops Black-goggled Tanager 14, 14e

Heliothraupis oneilli Inti Tanager 14e

Coryphospingus pileatus Pileated Finch 141, 142, 143

Coryphospingus cucullatus Red-crested Finch 142, 144

Ramphocelus nigrogularis Masked Crimson Tanager 14

Ramphocelus dimidiatus Crimson-backed Tanager 16

Ramphocelus melanogaster Black-bellied Tanager 16, 16a

Ramphocelus carbo Silver-beaked Tanager 16, 16b

Ramphocelus bresilius Brazilian Tanager 16, 16c

Ramphocelus flammigerus Flame-rumped Tanager 17, 17a

Lanio fulvus Fulvous Shrike-Tanager 14, 15

Lanio versicolor White-winged Shrike-Tanager 15

Rhodospingus cruentus Crimson-breasted Finch 145

Charitospiza eucosma Coal-crested Finch 107, 140

Cyanerpes nitidus Short-billed Honeycreeper 39

Cyanerpes lucidus Shining Honeycreeper 41a

Cyanerpes caeruleus Purple Honeycreeper 41a

Cyanerpes cyaneus Red-legged Honeycreeper

Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager 38

Dacnis albiventris White-bellied Dacnis 39

Dacnis lineata Black-faced Dacnis 40

Dacnis flaviventer Yellow-bellied Dacnis

Dacnis hartlaubi Turquoise Dacnis 41

Dacnis nigripes Black-legged Dacnis

Dacnis venusta Scarlet-thighed Dacnis

Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis

Dacnis viguieri Viridian Dacnis

Dacnis berlepschi Scarlet-breasted Dacnis

Sporophila bouvronides Lesson's Seedeater 115

Sporophila lineola Lined Seedeater 115

Sporophila leucoptera White-bellied Seedeater 119

Sporophila peruviana Parrot-billed Seedeater 120

Sporophila telasco Chestnut-throated Seedeater 122

Sporophila simplex Drab Seedeater

Sporophila castaneiventris Chestnut-bellied Seedeater 118

Sporophila minuta Ruddy-breasted Seedeater 118, 122, 123

Sporophila nigrorufa Black-and-tawny Seedeater

Sporophila bouvreuil Copper Seedeater 118, 121

Sporophila pileata Pearly-bellied Seedeater 118, 121

Sporophila hypoxantha Tawny-bellied Seedeater 118, 123

Sporophila iberaensis Ibera Seedeater 118a, 123a

Sporophila ruficollis Dark-throated Seedeater 118, 124, 125

Sporophila palustris Marsh Seedeater 118, 125

Sporophila hypochroma Rufous-rumped Seedeater 118, 126

Sporophila cinnamomea Chestnut Seedeater 118, 126, 127

Sporophila melanogaster Black-bellied Seedeater 118

Sporophila funerea Thick-billed Seed-Finch 107, 109, 128, 129, 93

Sporophila angolensis Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch 129

Sporophila maximiliani Great-billed Seed-Finch 130, 132

Sporophila crassirostris Large-billed Seed-Finch 130, 131

Sporophila atrirostris Black-billed Seed-Finch 130

Sporophila corvina Variable Seedeater 113, 114

Sporophila intermedia Gray Seedeater 112

Sporophila americana Wing-barred Seedeater 113

Sporophila fringilloides White-naped Seedeater 107, 37b, 93

Sporophila luctuosa Black-and-white Seedeater

Sporophila nigricollis Yellow-bellied Seedeater 116

Sporophila ardesiaca Dubois's Seedeater 117

Sporophila caerulescens Double-collared Seedeater

Sporophila schistacea Slate-colored Seedeater 111

Sporophila falcirostris Temminck's Seedeater 111

Sporophila frontalis Buffy-fronted Seedeater 107, 108, 109, 110, 93

Sporophila plumbea Plumbeous Seedeater 111a

Sporophila beltoni Tropeiro Seedeater 111a

Sporophila collaris Rusty-collared Seedeater

Sporophila albogularis White-throated Seedeater

Saltatricula multicolor Many-colored Chaco Finch 164, 172

Saltatricula atricollis Black-throated Saltator 164, 171, 172

Saltator maximus Buff-throated Saltator

Saltator atripennis Black-winged Saltator

Saltator orenocensis Orinocan Saltator

Saltator olivascens Olive-gray Saltator 166, 167

Saltator coerulescens Bluish-gray Saltator 166, 167

Saltator striatipectus Streaked Saltator 170

Saltator similis Green-winged Saltator 166

Saltator nigriceps Black-cowled Saltator 169

Saltator maxillosus Thick-billed Saltator 166, 168

Saltator aurantiirostris Golden-billed Saltator 169

Saltator cinctus Masked Saltator 171

Saltator grossus Slate-colored Grosbeak 163, 165

Saltator fuliginosus Black-throated Grosbeak 163

Coryphaspiza melanotis Black-masked Finch

Embernagra platensis Great Pampa-Finch 102, 103, 104, 93

Embernagra longicauda Pale-throated Pampa-Finch 103, 105

Emberizoides herbicola Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch 100, 102, 93

Emberizoides duidae Duida Grass-Finch 100

Emberizoides ypiranganus Lesser Grass-Finch 101

Xenospingus concolor Slender-billed Finch

Piezorina cinerea Cinereous Finch 93, 93a

Pseudospingus verticalis Black-headed Hemispingus 5, 5a, 12

Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus Drab Hemispingus 5, 5a, 12

Cnemoscopus rubrirostris Gray-hooded Bush Tanager 12b, 12c

Castanozoster thoracicus Bay-chested Warbling Finch 5a, 84

Poospiza goeringi Slaty-backed Hemispingus 5, 84

Poospiza rufosuperciliaris Rufous-browed Hemispingus 5, 11, 84

Poospiza boliviana Bolivian Warbling Finch 5a, 84

Poospiza ornata Cinnamon Warbling Finch 84, 85

Poospiza whitii Black-and-chestnut Warbling Finch 84, 86

Poospiza nigrorufa Black-and-rufous Warbling Finch 84, 86

Poospiza rubecula Rufous-breasted Warbling Finch 84, 85, 92

Poospiza hispaniolensis Collared Warbling Finch 84, 88

Poospiza garleppi Cochabamba Mountain Finch 84, 84b, 91, 92

Poospiza baeri Tucuman Mountain Finch 84, 91, 92

Poospizopsis caesar Chestnut-breasted Mountain Finch 84b, 88, 92

Poospizopsis hypochondria Rufous-sided Warbling Finch 5a, 84, 84a, 88

Kleinothraupis reyi Gray-capped Hemispingus 5a

Kleinothraupis atropileus Black-capped Hemispingus 5, 5a, 6, 6a

Kleinothraupis parodii Parodi's Hemispingus 5, 5a, 7

Kleinothraupis calophrys Orange-browed Hemispingus 5, 5a, 6,

Sphenopsis frontalis Oleaginous Hemispingus 5, 5a, 9

Sphenopsis melanotis Black-eared Hemispingus 5, 5a, 10

Thlypopsis sordida Orange-headed Tanager 12e

Thlypopsis inornata Buff-bellied Tanager 12e

Thlypopsis fulviceps Fulvous-headed Tanager

Thlypopsis pyrrhocoma Chestnut-headed Tanager 12f

Thlypopsis ruficeps Rust-and-yellow Tanager

Thlypopsis superciliaris Superciliaried Hemispingus 5, 5a, 8, 8a, 8b

Thlypopsis ornata Rufous-chested Tanager 12d

Thlypopsis pectoralis Brown-flanked Tanager 12d

Microspingus alticola Plain-tailed Warbling Finch 5a, 12a, 84

Microspingus erythrophrys Rusty-browed Warbling Finch 12a, 84, 85

Microspingus lateralis Buff-throated Warbling Finch 12a, 84, 87

Microspingus cabanisi Gray-throated Warbling Finch 12a, 84, 87

Microspingus torquatus Ringed Warbling Finch 12a, 84, 88, 89

Microspingus melanoleucus Black-capped Warbling Finch 12a, 84, 90

Microspingus cinereus Cinereous Warbling Finch 12a, 84, 90

Microspingus trifasciatus Three-striped Hemispingus 12a

Nephelornis oneilli Pardusco 13

Urothraupis stolzmanni Black-backed Bush Tanager 59

Cypsnagra hirundinacea White-rumped Tanager

Donacospiza albifrons Long-tailed Reed Finch

Incaspiza pulchra Great Inca-Finch 83

Incaspiza personata Rufous-backed Inca-Finch 83

Incaspiza ortizi Gray-winged Inca-Finch 83

Incaspiza laeta Buff-bridled Inca-Finch

Incaspiza watkinsi Little Inca-Finch

Coereba flaveola Bananaquit 147

Tiaris olivaceus Yellow-faced Grassquit 148, 149

Asemospiza obscura Dull-colored Grassquit 150

Asemospiza fuliginosa Sooty Grassquit 150

Melanospiza bicolor Black-faced Grassquit 151

Certhidea olivacea Green Warbler-Finch 152, 153, 154, 155

Certhidea fusca Gray Warbler-Finch 154

Platyspiza crassirostris Vegetarian Finch 152

Camarhynchus pallidus Woodpecker Finch 156, 156a

Camarhynchus psittacula Large Tree-Finch 157

Camarhynchus pauper Medium Tree-Finch

Camarhynchus parvulus Small Tree-Finch 155

Camarhynchus heliobates Mangrove Finch 156

Geospiza difficilis Sharp-beaked Ground-Finch 158, 159

Geospiza septentrionalis Vampire Ground-Finch

Geospiza fuliginosa Small Ground-Finch

Geospiza fortis Medium Ground-Finch 160

Geospiza acutirostris Genovesa Ground-Finch

Geospiza scandens Common Cactus-Finch

Geospiza propinqua Genovesa Cactus-Finch

Geospiza magnirostris Large Ground-Finch

Geospiza conirostris Española Ground-Finch 161

Chlorochrysa phoenicotis Glistening-green Tanager 27a, 28

Chlorochrysa calliparaea Orange-eared Tanager 28

Chlorochrysa nitidissima Multicolored Tanager

Lophospingus pusillus Black-crested Finch 81, 82, 58c

Lophospingus griseocristatus Gray-crested Finch

Neothraupis fasciata White-banded Tanager 1a, 1aa

Diuca diuca Diuca Finch 76, 76a

Gubernatrix cristata Yellow Cardinal 146

Paroaria coronata Red-crested Cardinal 64, 65, 66b

Paroaria dominicana Red-cowled Cardinal 65, 65a

Paroaria nigrogenis Masked Cardinal 66

Paroaria gularis Red-capped Cardinal 66

Paroaria baeri Crimson-fronted Cardinal 66

Paroaria capitata Yellow-billed Cardinal 66

Stephanophorus diadematus Diademed Tanager

Schistochlamys melanopis Black-faced Tanager 1a

Schistochlamys ruficapillus Cinnamon Tanager

Cissopis leverianus Magpie Tanager 1a, 1b

Calochaetes coccineus Vermilion Tanager 24b

Iridosornis porphyrocephalus Purplish-mantled Tanager 26, 26b

Iridosornis analis Yellow-throated Tanager 26

Iridosornis jelskii Golden-collared Tanager

Iridosornis rufivertex Golden-crowned Tanager 27

Iridosornis reinhardti Yellow-scarfed Tanager 27

Pipraeidea melanonota Fawn-breasted Tanager 17b

Rauenia bonariensis Blue-and-yellow Tanager 19b, 19bb

Pseudosaltator rufiventris Rufous-bellied Mountain Tanager 24c, 25b

Dubusia taeniata Buff-breasted Mountain Tanager 24b, 24c, 25

Dubusia castaneoventris Chestnut-bellied Mountain Tanager 24b, 25a

Anisognathus melanogenys Black-cheeked Mountain Tanager 23, 23a, 23b, 24b, 24c

Anisognathus lacrymosus Lacrimose Mountain Tanager 23a, 23b, 23c

Anisognathus igniventris Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager 23b

Anisognathus somptuosus Blue-winged Mountain Tanager 24, 24a

Anisognathus notabilis Black-chinned Mountain Tanager 24a

Buthraupis montana Hooded Mountain Tanager 24b, 24c

Tephrophilus wetmorei Masked Mountain Tanager 22a, 24c

Sporathraupis cyanocephala Blue-capped Tanager 19a, 19aa

Chlorornis riefferii Grass-green Tanager 24b

Cnemathraupis eximia Black-chested Mountain Tanager 21a, 24c

Cnemathraupis aureodorsalis Golden-backed Mountain Tanager 21a, 22

Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron Orange-throated Tanager 21

Bangsia arcaei Blue-and-gold Tanager 20a

Bangsia melanochlamys Black-and-gold Tanager 20

Bangsia rothschildi Golden-chested Tanager

Bangsia edwardsi Moss-backed Tanager

Bangsia aureocincta Gold-ringed Tanager

Bangsia flavovirens Yellow-green Tanager 20b

Chalcothraupis ruficervix Golden-naped Tanager 30b, 30c

Poecilostreptus palmeri Gray-and-gold Tanager 28ab

Stilpnia cyanoptera Black-headed Tanager 36, 36a, 36aa

Stilpnia viridicollis Silvery Tanager 33, 34

Stilpnia heinei Black-capped Tanager 33

Stilpnia argyrofenges Green-throated Tanager 33, 35

Stilpnia phillipsi Sira Tanager 32, 33

Stilpnia peruviana Black-backed Tanager 29, 30a

Stilpnia preciosa Chestnut-backed Tanager 29, 29a, 30a, 30aa

Stilpnia meyerdeschauenseei Green-capped Tanager 30, 30a

Stilpnia cayana Burnished-buff Tanager 30a, 30aa

Stilpnia vitriolina Scrub Tanager 29b, 30a

Stilpnia nigrocincta Masked Tanager 31

Stilpnia larvata Golden-hooded Tanager 31, 31a

Stilpnia cyanicollis Blue-necked Tanager

Tangara vassorii Blue-and-black Tanager 32a

Tangara nigroviridis Beryl-spangled Tanager 32a

Tangara labradorides Metallic-green Tanager 30c

Tangara cyanotis Blue-browed Tanager 30c

Tangara inornata Plain-colored Tanager 28a, 28aa, 28aa

Tangara mexicana Turquoise Tanager 28aa, 28f

Tangara chilensis Paradise Tanager 28bb, 37a

Tangara velia Opal-rumped Tanager 37, 37a

Tangara callophrys Opal-crowned Tanager 37a

Tangara seledon Green-headed Tanager 28b, 28bb

Tangara fastuosa Seven-colored Tanager 28b, 28bb

Tangara cyanocephala Red-necked Tanager 28b

Tangara desmaresti Brassy-breasted Tanager 28b, 28bbbb

Tangara cyanoventris Gilt-edged Tanager 28b, 28bbbb

Tangara lavinia Rufous-winged Tanager 28d

Tangara gyrola Bay-headed Tanager 28d

Tangara rufigenis Rufous-cheeked Tanager 28d

Tangara chrysotis Golden-eared Tanager 28bbb

Tangara xanthocephala Saffron-crowned Tanager 28bbb

Tangara parzudakii Flame-faced Tanager 28bbb

Tangara schrankii Green-and-gold Tanager 28bbb

Tangara johannae Blue-whiskered Tanager 28bbb

Tangara arthus Golden Tanager 28bbb

Tangara florida Emerald Tanager 28bbb

Tangara icterocephala Silver-throated Tanager 28bbb

Thraupis episcopus Blue-gray Tanager 17b, 17c, 28a

Thraupis sayaca Sayaca Tanager 18

Thraupis glaucocolpa Glaucous Tanager 19

Thraupis cyanoptera Azure-shouldered Tanager

Thraupis ornata Golden-chevroned Tanager

Thraupis palmarum Palm Tanager

Ixothraupis varia Dotted Tanager 28cc

Ixothraupis rufigula Rufous-throated Tanager 28cc

Ixothraupis guttata Speckled Tanager 28cc, 28e

Ixothraupis xanthogastra Yellow-bellied Tanager 28c, 28cc

Ixothraupis punctata Spotted Tanager 28cc, 28ccc

 

 

1. As traditionally constituted (e.g., Storer 1969, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Ridgely & Tudor 1989), the family Thraupidae was strikingly polyphyletic with respect to the Emberizidae, Fringillidae, and Cardinalidae.  Genetic data have revolutionized our understanding of what constitutes a true tanager more so than for any other New World family.  In fact, the English name “tanager” no longer has any taxonomic meaning (currently associated with species also in the Emberizidae and Cardinalidae) but rather refers to a morphotype, usually a bill shape, considered intermediate between the thick bills of emberizid sparrows and cardinaline grosbeaks and the thin bills of wood-warblers.  The genera Euphonia and Chlorophonia, traditionally placed in this family, have been transferred to the Fringillidae (see below).  The genera Piranga and Habia have been found to members of the Cardinalidae (see that family), and Parkerthraustes of the Cardinalidae has been found to be a member of the Thraupidae (see below).  Most members of the former family “Coerebidae” are now known to be tanagers.  More than 30 genera formerly placed in the Emberizidae have been found to be tanagers, and Chlorospingus, formerly considered a tanager, has been found to be a member of the Emberizidae.  With the transfer of a major block of former Emberizidae to the Thraupidae (see SACC proposal and references therein), the current linear sequence is temporary because those genera have simply been inserted at the end of the family until a phylogenetic linear sequence can be worked out.  <Remsen and Burns working on this>.  The linear sequence through Urothraupis has been adapted from Burns (1997, 1998), Burns (2002), Burns & Naoki (2004), and Klicka et al. (2007).  Many genera formerly placed in the Emberizidae are now placed in this family based on those papers and Barker et al. (2013).  The linear sequence in the Thraupidae largely follows that in Dickinson & Christidis (2014) pending a formal proposal to revise it.

 

1a. Genetic data (Burns et al. 2003, Burns & Naoki 2004) indicate that Schistochlamys, Cissopis, and Neothraupis are each other's closest relatives.

 

1aa.  Called: “White-banded Shrike Tanager/Shrike-like Tanager” in Dickinson & Christidis (2014).

 

1b. Cissopis is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is leverianus (David & Gosselin 2002b).

 

1c. Storer (1960) <> suspected that Conothraupis was closely related to Sporophila based on remarkable plumage similarities; Zimmer (1947) had previously suspected that Conothraupis was a "finch" and not a "tanager" based on bill shape.

 

1cc. Conothraupis mesoleuca was described in the monotypic genus Rhynchothraupis, but see Bond (1951a) for placement in Conothraupis, as in Hellmayr (1936) and most subsequent classifications.

 

2. Compsothraupis has been included by some (e.g., Zimmer 1947, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) in Sericossypha, but Storer (1970a) suspected that their similarities represented convergence.

 

3. Although Sericossypha albocristata was at one time suspected of not being a tanager (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1966), morphological (Morony 1985) and genetic data (Burns et al. 2002, 2003) support its traditional placement in the Thraupidae.

 

3a. Genetic data (Burns et al. 2003) indicate that Sericossypha and Nemosia are closely related and probably sister taxa.

 

4. The two species of Creurgops form a superspecies (Dickinson & Christidis 2014).

 

4a. Creurgops dentatus was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936) placed in a separate genus, Malacothraupis.

 

4b. Creurgops is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is dentatus (David & Gosselin 2002b).

 

4c. "Malacothraupis gustavi," known from southern Peru and northern Bolivia and treated reluctantly as a valid species by Hellmayr (1936), is now known to be a synonym (male plumage) of Creurgops dentatus (Bond & Meyer de Schauensee 1941, Zimmer 1947b), as suspected by Hellmayr (1936). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

5. Despite concerns over the monophyly of the genus Hemispingus owing to rather disparate morphology, genetic data (García-Moreno et al. 2001) provided some support for monophyly for the taxa for which genetic samples are available, including the most morphologically divergent species, H. rufosuperciliaris. A subsequent analysis of a larger data set, however, could not confirm or reject monophyly of the genus (García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003). Some authors (e.g., Ridgway 1902) considered Hemispingus and Cnemoscopus to be members of the Parulidae, but recent genetic data (Burns REF, Klicka et al. 2007) corroborate that they are correctly placed in the Thraupidae.  The comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) found that Hemispingus is indeed not monophyletic.  Therefore, Burns et al. (2016) (1) described a new genus, Kleinothraupis, for H. atropileus, H. calophrys, and H. parodii; (2) recommended resurrecting Sphenopsis Sclater for H. melanotis and H. frontalis (as in Dickinson & Christidis 2014); and (3) transferred H. superciliaris to Thlypopsis.  SACC proposals passed to recognize Kleinothraupis and Sphenopsis.

 

5a. With the dismemberment of the genus Hemispingus (see Notes 5, 6), the English name “Hemispingus”, formerly associated with that genus, is problematic; it is now found in members of six genera (Pseudospingus, Poospiza, Kleinothraupis, Sphenopsis, Thlypopsis, and Microspingus), and Hemispingus is a synonym of Thlypopsis.  Also, the English name Warbling-Finch (now automatically de-hyphenated) is now also associated with species in Castanozoster and Microspingus.  SACC proposal badly needed on English names.

 

6. Kleinothraupis calophrys was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a) considered a subspecies of K. atropileus, but Weske & Terborgh (1974) provided rationale for treating southern calophrys as a species separate from K. atropileus; this treatment has been followed by most recent authors (e.g., Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Sibley & Monroe 1990), but not by Isler & Isler (1987).  Inclusion of calophrys in K. atropileus would make that broad species paraphyletic with respect to K. parodii, the sister taxon of K. calophrys (García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003).  The subspecies K. atropileus auricularis is at least as distinct genetically and morphologically, and should presumably be given equal taxonomic rank (García-Moreno et al. 2001, García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003); it is treated as a separate species by some authors (as White-browed Hemispingus). SACC proposal needed.  Taxa ranked as species in this group were considered to form a superspecies by Sibley & Monroe (1990).

 

7. Described since Meyer de Schauensee (1970): Weske & Terborgh (1974).

 

8. Early genetic data (García-Moreno et al. 2001, García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003) indicated that Thlypopsis (ex-Hemispingus) superciliaris clustered with the group of former Hemispingus that consists of Pseudospingus verticalis-P. xanthophthalmus.  SACC proposal to alter linear sequence did not pass.  See Note 5.

 

8a. The leucogaster subspecies group of Peru and the subspecies chrysophrys of Venezuela were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936) considered separate species from Thlypopsis superciliaris, but see Zimmer (1947).

 

8b. "Basileuterus zimmeri," described from Venezuela, is now known to be a synonym of Thlypopsis superciliaris chrysophrys (Meyer de Schauensee 1966). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

9. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) suspected that the Venezuelan subspecies collectively (as S. ignobilis) might deserve separate species status from Sphenopsis frontalis; Hilty (2003), however, noted that their vocalizations and behavior were similar.

 

9a. Storer (1970a) suggested that Haplospiza, along with Middle American Acanthidops, might be more closely related to Diglossa in the Thraupidae than to other emberizine genera; this is consistent with some genetic data (Burns et al. 2003), although broader taxon-sampling (Klicka et al. 2007, Mauck & Burns 2009, Campagna et al. 2011) indicated that Haplospiza, some Phrygilus, some Sicalis, Diglossa, and Catamenia are phylogenetically intermingled.  In any case, all genetic data indicate that Haplospiza is a member of the Thraupidae.  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

10. Genetic data (García-Moreno et al. 2001, García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003) indicate that the distinctive taxon piurae, currently treated as a subspecies of Sphenopsis melanotis (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970), is more distant from the latter than is S. frontalis, and that piurae is basal to frontalis + melanotis; these analyses, however, are based on only ca. 300 base-pairs of mtDNA. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) treated piurae as a separate species from H. melanotis based on plumage and vocal differences. SACC proposal to recognize piurae as a species did not pass. Hilty (2011) also treated piurae as a separate species.  Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Hilty (2011) further recognized the subspecies ochracea as a separate species based on plumage differences.  Halley (2022) treated piurae and ochracea as species based on distinctiveness of plumage.  SACC proposal needed.

 

11. Described since Meyer de Schauensee (1970): Blake & Hocking (1974).

 

12. Genetic data (García-Moreno et al. 2001, García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003) support the traditional view based on plumage, morphology, and biogeography (Parker et al. 1985, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, Sibley & Monroe 1990) that Pseudospingus verticalis and P. xanthophthalmus are sister species and form a superspecies.  They were originally (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) placed in Pseudospingus, but Zimmer (1947) merged this into Hemispingus.  However, the comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) provided the basis for the recommendation by Burns et al. (2016) that Pseudospingus be resurrected for these two species (as in Dickinson & Christidis 2014).  SACC proposal passed to recognize Pseudospingus.  SACC proposal needed on English names.  See also Note 5a.

 

12a. Microspingus trifasciatus was originally (e.g., Hellmayr 1936) placed in the monotypic genus Microspingus, but Zimmer (1947) merged this into Hemispingus. Early genetic data (García-Moreno et al. 2001, García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003) supported the continued inclusion of this species in Hemispingus, although its relationships to other taxa within that genus remained uncertain.  However, the comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) showed that this species is not closely related to Hemispingus.  Burns et al. (2016) recommended resurrecting Microspingus and also the transfer of Poospiza cabanisi, P. lateralis, P. erythrophrys, P. alticola, P. torquatus, P. cinerea, and P. melanoleuca to Microspingus (as in Dickinson & Christidis 2014).  SACC proposal passed to recognize Microspingus.  SACC proposal needed on English names.  See also Note 5a.

 

12b. <REF> included Cnemoscopus within Hemispingus, but this has not been followed by subsequent authors; genetic data (REFS, Burns et al. 2003, García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003) are consistent with a close relationship.

 

12c. The southern subspecies chrysogaster was formerly (e.g., REF <any since Berlepsch 1912?>) considered a separate species from Cnemoscopus rubrirostris.

 

12d. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Thlypopsis ornata and T. pectoralis to form a superspecies; they are parapatric sister species that may be sympatric at some localities (Zimmer 1947b).

 

12e. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Thlypopsis sordida and T. inornata to form a superspecies; Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suggested that they might be best treated as conspecific, but they may be sympatric at some localities (Zimmer 1947b).

 

12f. The comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) showed that Pyrrhocoma is embedded in Thlypopsis. Burns et al. (2016) recommended transfer to Thlypopsis, which also forces creation of a new name, Thlypopsis pyrrhocoma, for this species; see also Elliott (2020).  SACC proposal passed to merger Pyrrhocoma into Thlypopsis.

 

13. Recently described species and genus: Lowery & Tallman (1976). Although initially uncertain to which family this genus belonged, genetic data indicate that it is a tanager (Bledsoe 1988, Burns et al. 2002, 2003).

 

14. Genetic data (Burns et al. 2003) indicate that Eucometis, Tachyphonus, and Lanio are closely related and that Coryphospingus, currently placed in the Emberizidae, is also part of this group.  Burns and Racicot (2009), however, found that Tachyphonus is not a monophyletic group, with some species (T. coronatus, T. rufus, and T. phoenicius) more closely related to Ramphocelus than to other Tachyphonus, and T. surinamus more closely related to Eucometis + Trichothraupis than to other Tachyphonus.  Burns and Racicot (2009) confirmed the close relationship of these genera along with Lanio as represented in the traditional linear sequences of genera within the Thraupidae, including Eucometis and Trichothraupis as sister genera.  However, they also found that the “emberizid” genera Coryphospingus and Rhodospingus are members of this clade, with the latter possibly embedded within one group of Tachyphonus.  SACC proposal passed to transfer Rhodospingus and Coryphospingus to Thraupidae.  Burns and Racicot (2009) recommended broader generic limits in this group to avoid naming as many as three new genera, but a broadly defined Ramphocelus and Lanio would produce genera of with far greater morphological heterogeneity than in traditional passerine genera.  However, the comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) provided the basis for the recommendation by Burns et al. (2016) that (1) Islerothraupis Burns et al. 2016 be recognized for T. cristatus, T. luctuosus, and T. rufiventer; (2) Maschalethraupis Burns et al. 2016 be recognized for T. surinamus; and (3) Chrysocorypha, Burns et al. 2016 be recognized for T. delatrii.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Islerothraupis.  SACC proposal to recognize Maschalethraupis and Chrysocorypha did not pass.

 

14a. "Tachyphonus nattereri," known from two specimens from southwestern Brazil and treated as a valid species by Hellmayr (1936), Pinto (1944), and Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970), is now usually considered a subspecies of, or an aberrant individual of, Loriotus (ex-Islerothraupis, ex-Tachyphonus) cristatus (Zimmer 1945b, Storer 1970a, Ridgely & Tudor 1989). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

14b. Piacentini et al. (2019) proposed that Islerothraupis is a junior synonym of Loriotus Jarocki 1821.  SACC proposal passed to use Loriotus.

 

14c. Loriotus (ex-Islerothraupis, ex-Tachyphonus) rufiventer was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Pinto 1944) known as Tachyphonus metallactus, but see Zimmer (1945b) and Meyer de Schauensee (1966).

 

14d. Burns and Racicot (2009) found that Tachyphonus coronatus and T. rufus were sisters, with T. phoenicius sister to these two (thus consistent with traditional linear sequences).

 

14e. A new genus and species of tanager, Heliothraupis oneilli, has been described from Bolivia and Peru that is most closely related to Eucometis and Trichothraupis (Lane et al. 2021).  SACC proposal passed to recognize new genus and species.

 

15. Lanio fulvus and L. versicolor form a superspecies (Haffer 1987).

 

16. Ramphocelus dimidiatus, R. carbo, R. melanogaster, and R. bresilius form a superspecies (Novaes 1959, Storer 1970a, AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990). Ramphocelus carbo and R. melanogaster hybridize to an uncertain extent in Peru (Zimmer 1945b), but they are generally considered separate species because there is no sign of intergradation between the two. Ramphocelus carbo and R. bresilius hybridize to an uncertain extent in southeastern Brazil (Meyer de Schauensee 1966). <check Novaes 1959> Burns and Racicot (2009) noted that levels of sequence divergence between these pairs are consistent with low levels of gene flow between them and their continued treatment as species.  They also found the following relationships among cis-Andean Ramphocelus: (dimidiatus + nigrogularis) + [bresilius + (carbo + melanogaster)]; the traditional linear sequence is consistent with these relationships.

 

16a. Called "Huallaga Tanager" in Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Hilty (2011). SACC proposal to change English name did not pass.

 

16b. "Ramphocelus ciropalbicaudatus" Frisch, (2007. Nature Society News, Griggsville 42[5]:13) used this name for a "new species" of Ramphocelus tanager that he photographed in São Paulo, Brazil. The description does not qualify as a valid description under the rules of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature; furthermore, the individual bird is most likely a partially leucistic R. carbo. See CBRO web page: (http://www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/justif.htm#Rhamphocelus%20ciropalbicaudatus%20F).  See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

16c. Schodde & Bock (2016) determined that the species epithet is a noun in apposition and the name should be Ramphocelus bresilia, but see Elliott (2020).  SACC proposal needed.

 

17. The taxon icteronotus was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a separate species from Ramphocelus flammigerus, but intergradation between them in southwestern Colombia (Chapman 1917, Sibley 1958) led Storer (1970a) to consider them conspecific, and this treatment has been followed by most authors subsequently (e.g., Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Sibley & Monroe 1990). However, as noted by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), the differences between these two are comparable to those between two Ramphocelus taxa (passerinii and costaricensis) recently treated as separate species (Hackett 1996, AOU 1998), so they treated them as separate species, as did Hilty & Brown (1986), Restall et al. (2007), and del Hoyo & Collar (2016).  [The problem is that the two Middle American taxa should not have been split acc. to Stiles]. SACC proposal to treat as separate species did not pass.

 

17a. Ramphocelus flammigerus forms a superspecies with Middle American R. passerinii (Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Storer 1970a, AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990).

 

17b. Genetic data (burns et al. 2014) indicate that Thraupis is embedded within broadly defined Tangara.  To maintain Thraupis, Burns et al. (2016) recommended dividing Tangara into several genera (see Note 28a).

 

17bb. Genetic data (Burns et al. 2003, Burns & Naoki 2004) suggest that Thraupis and Pipraeidea are closely related and presumably sister genera. However, Thraupis itself is polyphyletic (Klicka et al. 2007, Sedano & Burns 2010), so a more complete Thraupidae phylogeny is needed before changes can be made.  Sedano & Burns (2010) found that T. bonariensis is the one species of Thraupis that is sister to Pipraeidea.  SACC proposal passed to transfer Thraupis bonariensis into Pipraeidea.  This was followed by Dickinson & Christidis (2014).

 

17bbb. Thraupis was formerly (e.g. Ridgway 1902) treated in the genus Tanagra, but see Allen (1910); the genus has been treated as Thraupis Boie, 1826, subsequently (e.g. Hellmayr 1936).

 

17c. The species name formerly (e.g., REFS, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Bond 1955, <check Eisenmann 1955) for Thraupis episcopus was virens, but see <REF>.

 

18. Zimmer (1944a) suggested that Thraupis sayaca is only a subspecies of T. episcopus; the population in their area of contact, boliviana, is somewhat intermediate in plumage; it was described as a subspecies of T. episcopus but is closer in plumage to T. sayaca (Gyldenstolpe 1945). However, Gyldenstolpe (1945) found the two species sympatric in northern Bolivia; also, the two evidently differ in vocalizations (Ridgely & Tudor 1989). Also, T. glaucocolpa, roughly as distinct phenotypically from T. episcopus as T. sayaca is, is broadly sympatric with T. episcopus (Ridgely & Tudor 1989). Thraupis episcopus, T. sayaca, and T. glaucocolpa were considered to form a superspecies by Sibley & Monroe (1990), but T. glaucocolpa cannot be included because its distribution completely overlaps that of T. episcopus. Although Middle American and trans-Andean populations, the cana group, were treated as separate species by Ridgway (1902; "Blue Tanager"), they have been treated as conspecific since at least Hellmayr (1936).  However, the cana group is superficially similar to T. sayaca, more so than it is to the pale-shouldered Amazonian episcopus group. Therefore, if sayaca is treated as a separate species, perhaps the cana group should also be returned to species rank.  Cueva et al. (2022) found extensive hybridization between sayaca and episcopus; more work on the contact zone is needed.

 

19. Thraupis glaucocolpa was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a) treated as a subspecies of T. sayaca, but most recent classifications have treated it as a separate species (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee & Phelps 1978, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Sibley & Monroe 1990).  Cueva et al. (2022) found that it was sister to all other Thraupis species, thus dramatically confirming its status a separate species.  SACC proposal needed on linear sequence.

 

19a. Sedano & Burns (2011) found that Thraupis cyanocephala was not a member of Thraupis but was close to Anisognathus.  Burns et al. (2016) also recommended resurrecting Sporathraupis, as in Dickinson & Christidis (2014).  SACC proposal passed to resurrect Sporathraupis.

 

19aa. The subspecies olivicyanea of the Coastal Range of Venezuela was formerly (e.g., REF <since Berlepsch 1912?) considered a separate species from Sporathraupis (ex-Thraupis) cyanocephala, but they evidently intergrade where in contact (Meyer de Schauensee 1966).

 

19b. Piacentini (2017) proposed that the genetic and phenotypic differences between Pipraeidea (ex-Thraupis) bonariensis and Pipraeidea melanonota were so large that placing the former in a monotypic genus was warranted and proposed a new genus Remsenornis.  Piacentini et al. (2019), however, found that Rauenia Wolters 1981 had already been proposed.  SACC proposal passed to change to Rauenia bonariensis.

 

19bb. The Andean subspecies darwinii was formerly (e.g., Chapman 1926, Zimmer 1930) considered a separate species from Pipraeidea (ex-Thraupis) bonariensis.

 

20. Storer (1970a) merged Bangsia into Buthraupis, but this has not been followed by most subsequent authors; see Monroe et al. (1993).  They are not sister genera (Sedano & Burns 2010).

 

20a.  Recently recorded at Cerro Tacarcuna, Colombia (Ruiz-Ovalle & Hurtado-Guerra (2014).

 

20b. Klicka et al. (2014) found that flavovirens was not a member of Chlorospingus and was actually a true tanager (Thraupidae).  Avendaño et al. (2016) found that its closest relatives were Bangsia tanagers and recommend its transfer to that genus.  SACC proposal passed to transfer to Bangsia.

 

21. Storer (1970a) merged Wetmorethraupis into Buthraupis, but this has not been followed by most subsequent authors; see Isler & Isler (1987).  They are not sister genera (Sedano & Burns 2010).

 

21a. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Buthraupis eximia and B. aureodorsalis to form a superspecies.  Sedano & Burns (2010) confirmed that they are sister species but also found that they are sister to Chlorornis riefferii.  SACC proposal passed to remove from Buthraupis and to resurrect the genus Cnemathraupis for them.  This was followed by Dickinson & Christidis (2014).

 

22. Described since Meyer de Schauensee (1970): Blake & Hocking (1974).

 

22a. Buthraupis wetmorei was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936) placed in a monotypic genus, Tephrophilus.  Sedano & Burns (2010) showed that it was not a member of Buthraupis.  Burns et al. (2016) recommended resurrecting Tephrophilus, as in Dickinson & Christidis (2014).  SACC proposal passed to resurrect Tephrospilus.

 

23. Called "Santa Marta Mountain-Tanager" by Ridgely & Tudor (1989). SACC proposal to change English name did not pass.

 

23a. Anisognathus melanogenys and A. lacrymosus form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were considered conspecific by Hellmayr (1936) and Storer (1970a). See Donegan and Avendaño (2010) for evidence supporting species rank for melanogenys.  SACC proposal did not pass to treat melanogenys as a subspecies of lacrymosus.

 

23b. Anisognathus melanogenys, A. lacrymosus, and A. igniventris were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936) placed in the genus Poecilothraupis, but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966).

 

23c. SACC proposal to change spelling of English name to "Lachrymose" did not pass.

 

24. Anisognathus somptuosus was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a, Ridgely & Tudor 1989) known as A. flavinuchus (or flavinucha), but see Sibley & Monroe (1990).  Hilty (2011) elevated the subspecies flavinucha to species rank, with the English name “Bolivian Mountain-Tanager.”

 

24a. Anisognathus somptuosus and A. notabilis were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Zimmer 1944a, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) placed in the genus Compsocoma, but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966).  Sedano & Burns (2010) found that their inclusion in Anisognathus was problematic.  SACC proposal needed.

 

24b. Contrary to traditional linear sequences, genetic data (Burns et al. 2003, Burns & Naoki 2004, Sedano & Burns 2010) indicate that Chlorornis is a member of a group of Andean tanager genera that consists of Buthraupis, Anisognathus, Delothraupis, Dubusia, and Calochaetes (and presumably also Bangsia and Wetmorethraupis).

 

24c.  The hyphenated English group-name “Mountain-Tanager” no longer refers to a monophyletic group (e.g. Burns et al. 2016), so the hyphens must be removed.

 

25. The subspecies carrikeri of the Santa Marta Mountains was described as a separate species from Dubusia taeniata, but was treated as a subspecies of the latter by Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and subsequent authors.  Described as a separate species and treated as such by Chapman (1926), the southern subspecies stictocephala was treated as a subspecies of D. taeniata by Hellmayr (1936) and subsequent authors.  Vocal differences between it and nominate taeniata are pronounced (Robbins et al., unpubl. data).  SACC proposal to elevate stictocephala to species rank did not pass.

 

25a. Delothraupis was merged into Dubusia by Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and <REFS>. Genetic data (Burns et al. 2003, Burns & Naoki 2004, Klicka et al. 2007, Sedano & Burns 2010) indicate that Delothraupis and Dubusia are sister taxa.  SACC proposal passed to merge these two genera.

 

25b.  Hellack and Schnell (1977, REFs) previously noted that “Saltator” rufiventris was an unusual saltator based on plumage and morphology. Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007, Chaves et al. 2013) have revealed that “Saltator” rufiventris is definitely not a saltator but a tanager, closely related to Delothraupis and Dubusia. SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.  Because there is no other genus name available, the species is maintained here provisionally, as indicated by quotation marks, pending a proposal to move to Dubusia or naming of a new genus.  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) transferred it to Dubusia and called it Rufous-bellied Mountain-Tanager.  Burns et al. (2016) named a new genus for the species: Pseudosaltator.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Pseudosaltator and to change English name to Rufous-bellied Mountain-Tanager.

 

26. Iridosornis porphyrocephalus and I. analis form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990); evidence for treating them as separate species is weak (Ridgely & Tudor 1989); they were considered conspecific by Hellmayr (1936). Orcés (1944) reported them to be sympatric in southern Ecuador, but the locality for I. porphyrocephalus is widely regarded as dubious (Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Paynter 1993, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001).

 

26b. Iridosornis is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is porphyrocephalus (David & Gosselin 2002b).

 

27. Iridosornis reinhardti was considered a subspecies of I. rufivertex by Hellmayr (1936), Zimmer (1944a), and Storer (1970a); they form a superspecies (Parker et al. 1985, Sibley & Monroe 1990).

 

27a. Although Chlorochrysa is traditionally placed next to Tangara in linear sequences (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970), genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) indicate that they are not closely related.

 

28. Chlorochrysa phoenicotis and C. calliparaea form a superspecies (REF).

 

28a. Despite being one of the largest genera in the world in terms of species richness, genetic data (Burns and Naoki 2004) strongly support Tangara as a monophyletic group. The genus Tangara was formerly called Calospiza (e.g., Hellmayr 1936), and in literature from the 1800s, Calliste; see Zimmer (1943b) and Meyer de Schauensee (1966).  Although Burns and Naoki (2004) found support for the monophyly of the genus, relationships within the genus were found to differ from those implied by traditional linear sequences.  SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence.  Sedano & Burns (2010), however, found that Tangara was monophyletic only if Thraupis was included, as in Dickinson & Christidis (2014).  SACC proposal did not pass to modify generic limits.  Burns et al. (2014) confirmed this, and Burns et al. (2016) recommended resurrection of several genera and described two new ones to partition Tangara into monophyletic groups; see various Notes 28ab, 28cc, and 36.

 

28aa. Isler & Isler (1987) proposed that Tangara inornata and T. mexicana were sister species based on similarities in sociality, feeding behavior, habitat, and voice. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) corroborate this relationship. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence.

 

28ab. Isler & Isler (1987) proposed that Tangara palmeri and Middle American T. cabanisi were sister species based on similarities in plumage, habitat, and voice.  Burns et al. (2014) confirmed this with genetic data.  Burns et al. (2016) described a new genus, Poecilostreptus, for these two species.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Poecilostreptus.

 

28b. Storer (1970a) considered Tangara cyanocephala and T. desmaresti to form a superspecies. Isler & Isler (1987) considered these two to form a species group with T. cyanoventris. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) indicate that Tangara cyanocephala and T. desmaresti are likely sister species (T. cyanoventris not sampled), and that they form a monophyletic group with T. seledon and T. fastuosa, which are also sister species.

 

28bb. Isler & Isler (1987) proposed that Tangara chilensis, T. seledon, and T. fastuosa were sister species based on similarities in plumage, behavior, habitat, biogeography, and voice. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004), however, do not corroborate this relationship; see Notes 28b and 37b.

 

28bbb. Isler & Isler (1987) proposed that Tangara johannae, T. schrankii, T. florida, T. arthus, T. icterocephala, T. xanthocephala, T. chrysotis, and T. parzudakii form a species group based on similarities in plumage and foraging behavior. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) confirm this as a monophyletic group.

 

28bbbb. "Tangara gouldi," known only from the type specimens from southeastern Brazil and considered a species by Hellmayr (1936) and Pinto (1944), is considered a hybrid (T. cyanoventris X T. desmaresti) (Bond 1947, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Storer 1970a). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

28c. Hilty (2003) suspected that the subspecies phelpsi of the Tepuis might deserve recognition as a separate species from Tangara xanthogastra.

 

28cc. Isler & Isler (1987) proposed that Tangara xanthogastra, T. punctata, T. guttata, T. varia, and T. rufigula form a species group based on plumage and vocal similarities. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004, Burns et al. 2014) confirm this as a monophyletic group. Burns et al. (2016) recommended restoration of Ixothraupis Bonaparte for these five species.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Ixothraupis.

 

28d. Storer (1970a) considered Tangara gyrola and T. lavinia to form a superspecies. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) confirm this relationship. Isler & Isler (1987) suggested that T. rufigenis might also be part of this group based on plumage and habitat similarities.

 

28dd. As pointed out by Meyer de Schauensee (1966), the differences among subspecies groups currently treated included in T. gyrola seem to be at least of the same magnitude as those between T. gyrola and T. lavinia; indeed, the viridissima subspecies group and the bangsi subspecies group were formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1902, Chapman 1925) each treated as separate species from T. gyrola.

 

28e. The species name used for Tangara guttata was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) chrysophrys, but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Storer (1970a).

 

28f. The subspecies brasiliensis was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936) treated as a separate species from Tangara mexicana, but most classifications have followed Zimmer (1943c) in treated them as conspecific.

 

29. Some authors (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Sick 1997) have suspected that Stilpnia peruviana and S. preciosa are actually color morphs of the same species, but they are largely parapatric with little or no evidence for interbreeding (Firme et al. 2007).

 

29a. The species named used for Tangara preciosa was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Pinto 1944) castanonota, but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Storer (1970a).

 

29b. The species named used for Tangara vitriolina was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936) ruficapilla, but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Storer (1970a).

 

30. Described since Meyer de Schauensee (1970): Schulenberg & Binford (1985).

 

30a. Isler & Isler (1987) proposed that Stilpnia cayana, S. peruviana, S. preciosa, S. meyerdeschauenseei, S. vitriolina, and West Indian S. cucullata form a species group based on similarities in plumage and habitat. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) corroborate the close relationship among Stilpnia cayana, S. vitriolina, S. cucullata, and S. meyerdeschauenseei (S. peruviana and S. preciosa not sampled).

 

30aa. "Tangara arnaulti," known from one aviary specimen and reluctantly considered a valid species by Hellmayr (1936) and Meyer de Schauensee (1966); presumably a hybrid (Stilpnia preciosa X Stilpnia cayana) (Hellmayr 1936, Bond 1951a, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970, Storer 1970a, Ingels 1971). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

30b. The southern subspecies fulvicervix was formerly (e.g., Berlepsch 1912) considered a separate species from Tangara ruficervix, a treatment that will almost certainly be restored; they were treated as conspecific by Hellmayr (1936) and subsequent authors; they differ in more plumage features than do many pairs of Tangara treated as separate species, yet they show limited genetic divergence (Burns & Naoki 2004).

 

30c. Isler & Isler (1987) proposed that Tangara ruficervix, T. labradorides, and T. cyanotis formed a species group based on plumage similarities. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) refute this relationship; these three species do not cluster within any of the other species groups in the genus.  Burns et al. (2016) proposed resurrecting Chalcothraupis Bonaparte 1851, based on Burns et al. (2014).  SACC proposal passed to resurrect Chalcothraupis.

 

31. Stilpnia larvata was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Zimmer 1943b, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) considered a subspecies of S. nigrocincta, but most classifications have generally followed Eisenmann (1957) in treating it as a separate species; see Wetmore et al. (1984) for rationale. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered them to form a superspecies. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) show that S. larvata is actually more closely related to S. cyanicollis than either is to S. nigrocincta, thus confirming treatment of S. nigrocincta as a separate species from S. larvata and negating treatment of S. larvata and S. nigrocincta as members of superspecies.

 

31a. Formerly known as "Golden-masked Tanager" (e.g., AOU 1983), but see Ridgely (1976) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989).

 

32. Described since Meyer de Schauensee (1970): Graves & Weske (1987).

 

32a. Isler & Isler (1987) proposed that Tangara vassorii and T. nigroviridis formed a species group with Central American T. dowii and T. fucosa. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) confirm their close relationship, with T. vassorii basal to the other three,

 

33. Graves & Weske (1987) proposed that Stilpnia heinei, S. phillipsi, S. argyrofenges, and S. viridicollis formed a monophyletic group. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) corroborate the close relationship of Stilpnia heinei, S. argyrofenges, and S. viridicollis. Sibley & Monroe (1990) proposed that S. heinei and S. phillipsi formed a superspecies.

 

34. Called "Silver-backed Tanager" by Isler & Isler (1987), Ridgely & Tudor (1989), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001). SACC proposal to change English name did not pass.

 

35. Called "Straw-backed Tanager" by Isler & Isler (1987), Ridgely & Tudor (1989), Sibley & Monroe (1990), Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and Hilty (2011). SACC proposal to change English name did not pass.

 

36. Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) indicate that Tangara cyanoptera is the sister to the T. heinei species complex (see Note 33), thus corroborating its traditional position in linear sequences.  Burns et al. (2014) found that these two, plus T. larvata, T. nigrocincta, T. cyanicollis, T. preciosa, T. peruana, T. meyerdeschauenseei, T. vitriolina, T. cucullatus, T. cayana, T. viridicollis, T. phillipsi, and T. argyrofenges, formed a monophyletic group not included in Tangara s.s.; Burns et al. (2016) described a new genus, Stilpnia, for this group.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Stilpnia.

 

36a. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Hilty (2003) suspected that the subspecies whitelyi of the Tepui region might deserve treatment as a separate species from Stilpnia cyanoptera.

 

36aa. Dickinson & Christidis (2014) noted that cyanoptera was preoccupied in Tangara by Saltator cyanopterus Vieillot, 1817, and they replaced Tangara cyanoptera with the name Tangara argentea (Lafresnaye, 1843).  Placement of cyanoptera in Stilpnia Burns et al., 2016, resolves this problem; see Note 36 and also see Elliott (2020).

 

37. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) suspected that the subspecies cyanomelas of the Atlantic forest region of Brazil deserves consideration as a separate species status from Tangara velia.

 

37a. Tangara velia and T. callophrys were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Zimmer 1943a, Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) placed in a separate genus, Tanagrella; similarities in plumage and bill shape have suggested to most authors (e.g., Isler & Isler 1987) that T. velia and T. callophrys are sister species.  Genetic data (Burns & Naoki 2004) confirm this relationship and also indicate that T. chilensis is the sister species to these two.

 

38. Tersina was formerly placed in its own monotypic family, Tersinidae (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Tordoff 1954a, <>George 1962, Meyer de Schauensee 1970), or subfamily or tribe within the tanagers (e.g., Tersininae as in Storer 1970a, or Tersinini as in <REF>); in all these treatments, it was considered the sister taxon to all other tanagers. Genetic data (Bledsoe 1988, Burns 1997, Burns et al. 2002, 2003) as well as morphological data (Raikow 1978), however, indicate that it is embedded within the tanagers, and most closely related to Dacnis and Cyanerpes (Burns et al. 2003). <Sibley & Ahlquist 1973b>

 

39. The genera Dacnis and Cyanerpes were formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990) considered members of a separate family, the Coerebidae, but they were considered to be tanagers on the basis of skull structure by Tordoff (1954a) and were placed in the Thraupidae by Storer (1969, 1970a). This has been followed in most subsequent classifications. Molecular data indicate that they are sister genera, but embedded within the tanagers, forming a group with Tersina (Burns et al. 2002, 2003).

 

39a. Dacnis albiventris was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1935) placed in a monotypic genus, Hemidacnis, but Zimmer (1942d) merged this into Dacnis.

 

40. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) pointed out the trans-Andean egregia group may deserve species rank. Ridgely et al. (2001) considered egregia a species separate from lineata based on plumage differences and disjunct range. SACC proposal to recognize Dacnis egregia as a separate species did not pass because of insufficient published data.

 

41. Dacnis hartlaubi was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970, Sibley & Monroe 1990) placed in a monotypic genus, Pseudodacnis and included in the Thraupidae (as "Turquoise Dacnis-Tanager") when other Dacnis were placed in the Coerebidae. Storer (1969, 1970a) merged this genus into Dacnis, and subsequent classifications have followed this treatment.

 

41a. Cyanerpes lucidus and C. caeruleus form a superspecies (AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were considered conspecific by Hellmayr (1935), but they are sympatric in northwestern Colombia.

 

42. The genus Chlorophanes was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a member of a separate family, the Coerebidae, but Tordoff (1954a) considered it a tanager on the basis of skull morphology and Storer (1969, 1970a) placed it in the Thraupidae. Genetic data indicate that it is embedded within the tanagers; molecular data do not support a close relationship to Dacnis or Cyanerpes, but its closest relatives remain uncertain (Burns et al. 2002, 2003).

 

42a. "Chlorophanes purpurascens," known only from the type specimen from "Caracas" and considered a valid species by Hellmayr (1935), is presumably a hybrid. See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

43. Iridophanes pulcherrimus was placed in the genus Tangara by Storer (1970a) because of its stunning similarity in plumage to Stilpnia (ex-Tangara) cyanoptera, but genetic data (Burns 1997, Burns et al. 2003) indicates that it may be the sister genus to Chlorophanes, corroborating predictions from bill shape and behavior (Ridgely & Tudor 1989).

 

43b. Iridophanes is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is pulcherrimus (David & Gosselin 2002b).

 

43c. Heterospingus xanthopygius forms a superspecies with Central American H. rubrifrons (AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Storer 1970a) considered conspecific, but most recent classifications follow Wetmore et al. (1984) in treating them as separate species because of the radical differences in male plumage; they are not, however, sympatric (Wetmore et al. 1984; contra Haffer 1975).

 

43d. Genetic data (Burns et al. 2003) indicate that Chrysothlypis and Hemithraupis are closely related and probably sister taxa, and that Heterospingus is also part of this group.

 

44. Hemithraupis guira and H. ruficapilla hybridize to at least some degree but do not intergrade where they come in contact (Zimmer 1947b, Sick 1993); they are sister species that constitute a superspecies (Zimmer 1947b, Sibley & Monroe 1990).

 

45. Correct spelling for species name is chrysomelas, not chrysomelaena (David & Gosselin 2002a).

 

45a. [need citation for record for Colombia]

 

46. Chrysothlypis salmoni was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in the monotypic genus Erythrothlypis, but subsequent classifications have followed its merger by Storer (1970a) into Chrysothlypis. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) pointed out that Chrysothlypis itself could be merged into Hemithraupis. See Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) for doubts as to whether Erythrothlypis should be considered congeneric with Chrysothlypis.

 

47. The genus Conirostrum was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990) considered a member of a separate family, the Coerebidae, and by others a member of the Parulidae (Ridgway 1902, Beecher 1951, Tordoff 1954a, Lowery & Monroe 1968). Genetic data (based on C. speciosum, C. bicolor, and C. sitticolor) indicate that it should be included in the tanagers, with Oreomanes as the sister genus (Burns et al. 2002, 2003) or perhaps included within Conirostrum (Lovette & Bermingham 2002).

 

48. Conirostrum speciosum, C. leucogenys, C. bicolor, and C. margaritae were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1935, Tordoff 1954a) placed in a separate genus, Ateleodacnis, but see Zimmer (1942d) for its merger into Conirostrum. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) pointed out that this lowland group was quite distinct from montane Conirostrum, perhaps meriting a return to treatment as a separate genus.

 

48b. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) suggested that the subspecies littorale of western Peru might deserve recognition as a separate species from Conirostrum cinereum.

 

48c. The atrocyaneum subspecies group was formerly (e.g., <REFS, not Hellmayr 1935>) considered a separate species from Conirostrum albifrons.

 

49. Described since Meyer de Schauensee (1970): Johnson & Millie (1972); described as C. tamarugensis, but see Mayr & Vuilleumier (1983).

 

50. The genus Oreomanes was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990) considered a member of a separate family, the Coerebidae, and by others a member of the Parulidae <REF>; it was tentatively placed in the Thraupidae by Storer (1970a).  Wetmore et al. (1984) noted that plumage similarities suggest a close link between Oreomanes and Poospiza.  Genetic data indicate that it should be included in the tanagers, with Conirostrum as the sister genus (Burns et al. 2002, 2003). A hybrid Oreomanes fraseri X C. ferrugineiventre and plumage, morphological, and foraging similarities also supports their close relationship (Schulenberg 1985, Fjeldså 1992). The comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) showed that Oreomanes is embedded within Conirostrum; therefore Burns et al. (2016) transferred it to Conirostrum; this would also require a change in the species name (to Conirostrum binghami), as in Dickinson & Christidis (2014); see also Elliott (2020).  SACC proposal passed to change to Conirostrum binghami.

 

51. The genus Xenodacnis was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990) considered a member of a separate family, the Coerebidae, but it was placed in the Thraupidae by Storer (1970a); genetic data indicate that it should be included in the Thraupidae, and that it forms a group with Acanthidops, Diglossa, and Catamenia (Burns et al. 2002, 2003); its relationship to other "Coerebidae" was questioned long ago by Zimmer (1942d). <check Beecher 1951a>

 

51a. The northern petersi subspecies group was formerly (e.g., Bond & Meyer de Schauensee 1939) considered a separate species from Xenodacnis parina.

 

52. The genus Diglossa was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990) considered a member of a separate family, the Coerebidae. Others considered it a member of the Parulidae (e.g., AOU 1983) or Emberizidae (REF) because of its apparent close relationship to Acanthidops (Eisenmann in Meyer de Schauensee 1966), traditionally placed in the Emberizidae. Tordoff (1954a) considered Diglossa to be a tanager based on skull morphology, and Storer (1970a) placed it in the Thraupidae; this has been followed in most subsequent classifications. Genetic data confirm that it should be included in the tanagers, and forms a group with Acanthidops, Catamenia, and other genera, many formerly considered emberizine (Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Mauck & Burns 2009).  Vuilleumier (1969) divided the genus into four species groups, but genetic data (Mauck & Burns 2009) indicate that these are not monophyletic groups.

 

52a. The English name "flowerpiercer" is hyphenated in many classifications. SACC proposal to change to "flower-piercer" did not pass.

 

53. Diglossa sittoides was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1935, Zimmer 1942e, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a, Wetmore et al. 1984, Isler & Isler 1987) considered conspecific with D. baritula and D. plumbea of Middle America, but see Vuilleumier (1969) and Hackett (1995) for their treatment as separate species, representing a return to the classification of <REF ?Ridgway>; they form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990), and genetic data (Mauck and Burns 2009) confirm that they form a monophyletic group: D. sittoides + (D. plumbea + D. baritula).

 

54. Diglossa gloriosissima and D. mystacalis were considered subspecies of D. lafresnayii by many (e.g., Hellmayr 1935, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a, Isler & Isler 1987), but see Vuilleumier (1969) for ranking of these two groups as species separate from D. lafresnayii.  These three form a superspecies (Vuilleumier 1969, Sibley & Monroe 1990).  Genetic data (Mauck and Burns 2009) confirm that they form a monophyletic group and indicate that D. gloriosissima and D. lafresnayii are more closely related than either is to D. mystacalis.

 

55. Diglossa gloriosa, D. humeralis, D. brunneiventris, and D. carbonaria were formerly considered conspecific ("Carbonated Flower-piercer") by many (e.g., Hellmayr 1935, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a, Isler & Isler 1987), but see Graves (1982) for treatment of all four as separate species. However, whether the two disjunct populations of D. brunneiventris are more closely related to each other than to adjacent and intervening D. humeralis populations remains to be determined.  The four species constitute a superspecies (Vuilleumier 1969, Sibley & Monroe 1990); genetic data (Mauck and Burns 2009) confirm that they form a monophyletic group.

 

56. Diglossa venezuelensis and D. albilatera constitute a superspecies (Vuilleumier 1969, Isler & Isler 1987, Sibley & Monroe 1990); genetic data (Mauck and Burns 2009) confirm that they form a monophyletic group.

 

57. Diglossa caerulescens was formerly treated in the monotypic genus Diglossopis, but was included in Diglossa by Hellmayr (1935).  Bock (1985) proposed separating glauca, caerulescens, and cyanea in the genus Diglossopis, and he interpreted morphological data to indicate that this and Diglossa were not sister genera.  This classification was followed by Sibley & Monroe (1990), who also added D. indigotica to the genus based on Vuilleumier’s (1969) species groups.  Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and (Hilty 2003) also recognized Diglossopis.  Genetic data (Mauck & Burns 2009) indicate that species assigned to Diglossopis do not form a monophyletic group: D. cyanea and D. caerulescens are sister species, and D. glauca is sister to these two, but D. indigotica is sister to the D. baritula superspecies.  SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence.  SACC proposal to recognize modified Diglossopis did not pass.  Genetic data also indicate that broadly defined Diglossa is a monophyletic group, contra Bock (1985).

 

57a. Called "Golden-eyed Flowerpiercer" in Ridgely & Greenfield (2001). SACC proposal to change English name did not pass.

 

57b. Hilty (2003) noted that differences in song between northern and southern (dispar group) populations of Diglossa cyanea suggest that two species may be involved.  Martínez-Gómez et al. (2023) confirmed those vocal differences and presented additional evidence for treating the two populations as separate species.  SACC proposal badly needed.

 

58. The genus Catamblyrhynchus is often maintained in a separate monotypic family, Catamblyrhynchidae (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Phelps & Phelps 1950a, Tordoff 1954a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) or subfamily (Paynter 1970b, Ridgely & Tudor 1989); genetic data suggest that it should be at least tentatively included in the Thraupidae (Bledsoe 1988).

 

58a. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Plush-capped Finch".

 

59. Genetic data support continued but tentative inclusion of Urothraupis in the Thraupidae (Bledsoe 1988, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990); some authors have included it tentatively in the Emberizidae (e.g., Paynter 1970a), based on superficial similarity to Atlapetes.

 

64. The genus Paroaria has been placed traditionally in the Emberizidae, sometimes with the cardinal grosbeaks (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970), which in this classification are considered a separate family, Cardinalidae. Tordoff (1954a) concluded that it was not a cardinaline but an emberizine genus, based on skeletal data. Genetic data, however, indicate that the genus Paroaria belongs in the Thraupidae (Yuri & Mindell 2002, Burns and Naoki 2004, Klicka et al. 2007), as suspected long ago by Paynter (1970a). SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

65. Paroaria coronata and P. dominicana were considered to form a superspecies by Sibley & Monroe (1990).

 

65a. "Paroaria humberti," described from a captive individual, was treated as a valid species by Hellmayr (1938), who noted that it could be simply a melanistic P. dominicana; it has been treated as such by subsequent authors (e.g., Paynter 1970c). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

66. Paroaria gularis, P. baeri, and P. capitata form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990); evidence for treating them as separate species is weak (Paynter 1970a); Hellmayr (1938) suspected that P. capitata might best be treated as a subspecies of P. gularis, and Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suspected that baeri might also best be treated as a subspecies of P. gularis.  The subspecies P. g. nigrogenis of Venezuela was formerly (e.g., REF) treated as a separate species from Paroaria gularis.  Dávalos & Porzecanski (2009) also found evidence that nigrogenis was not most closely to P. gularis; they elevated all diagnosable taxa to species rank based on the phylogenetic species concept.  SACC proposal passed to elevate nigrogenis to species rank; SACC proposal to elevate cervicalis and xinguensis to species rank did not pass.  Lopes & Gonzaga (2013) provided additional rationale for treating xinguensis as a separate species from P. baeri.  SACC proposal to recognize xinguensis as a separate species did not pass.

 

66b. <Coccopsis for Paroaria as in Phelps & Phelps 1950a.>

 

67. In linear sequences, the genus Porphyrospiza has traditionally (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) been associated with the Passerina buntings, now in the Cardinalidae; Paynter (1970c) even merged Porphyrospiza into Passerina. This traditional association is based on shared plumage coloration and pattern with some Passerina buntings. It is generally agreed, however, among recent authors who know Porphyrospiza caerulescens in the field (e.g., Ridgely & Tudor 1989, REFS) that it is not related to cardinaline buntings but to other genera currently in the Emberizidae, as proposed by Tordoff (1954a) based on skull morphology. Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) confirm that it is not related to cardinalines but rather is the sister (of the taxa sampled) to Phrygilus alaudinus (but that both are members of the Thraupidae, not Emberizidae).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

68. Genetic data indicate that all Phrygilus species sampled so far (Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007, Campagna et al. 2011) belong in the Thraupidae.  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

68a. With the transfer of several species from Phrygilus to Porphyrospiza and Idiopsar, the English name “Sierra-Finch” no longer marks a monophyletic group and is automatically dehyphenated.  SACC proposal needed on English names?

 

69. Phrygilus atriceps is treated as a separate species from P. gayi because of sympatric breeding reported in Chile (see Johnson 1967), although they may rarely hybridize (Marin et al. 1989).  Paynter (1970a) considered the taxon punensis to be a subspecies of P. atriceps, whereas Meyer de Schauensee (1970) treated it as a subspecies of P. gayi. Recent classifications usually follow Ridgely & Tudor (1989), who elevated punensis to species rank based largely on unpublished data. SACC proposal to consider punensis and atriceps conspecific did not pass.

 

70. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Phrygilus atriceps, P. punensis, P. gayi, and P. patagonicus to form a superspecies, but the degree of apparent sympatry between P. gayi and P. patagonicus would make inclusion of the latter questionable.

 

71. The genus Phrygilus is highly polyphyletic (Klicka et al. 2007, Campagna et al. 2011).  Campagna et al. (2011) found that the genus consists of at least four lineages: (1) gayi, patagonicus, punensis, and atriceps, which comprise the sister group to Melanodera (including extralimital Rowettia goughensis); (2) fruticeti, alaudinus, and carbonaria; (3) plebejus and unicolor, which are sister to Haplospiza; and (4) dorsalis and erythronotus, which are sister to Idiopsar.  The type species for Phrygilus is gayi.  Hellmayr’s (1938) synonymy indicates that Rhopospina Cabanis is available for Group 2, with fruticeti the designated type species, and that Geospizopsis Bonaparte is available for Group 3, with unicolor the designated type species.  Clearly, major taxonomic revisions are needed but additional taxon sampling is needed within the Thraupidae.  SACC proposal to revise classification did not pass.  The comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) provided the basis for the recommendation by Burns et al. (2016) that (1) Rhopospina be resurrected for fruticeti, (2) Corydospiza Sundevall be resurrected for alaudinus and carbonarius, (3) Geospizopsis Bonaparte be resurrected for plebejus and unicolor (as in Dickinson & Christidis 2014), and (4) Ephippiospingus Burns et al. 2016 be recognized for dorsalis and erythronotus.  This would leave gayi, patagonicus, punensis, and atriceps as the only species in Phrygilus.  SACC proposal to restrict Rhopospina for just fruticeti as in Burns et al. (2014) did not pass; instead, Rhopospina was resurrected and expanded to include alaudina and carbonaria as well as Porphyrospiza caerulescens, as in Dickinson & Christidis (2014).  SACC proposal to resurrect Geospizopsis passed.  SACC proposal badly needed on linear sequence of genera.

 

71b. If Phrygilus unicolor is transferred to Haplospiza (as in Dickinson & Christidis 2014), then this species becomes Haplospiza geospizopsis (Bonaparte, 1853) because Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis, 1851, is the type species for Haplospiza.

 

72. Idiopsar dorsalis and I. erythronotus form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990). Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) noted interbreeding between the two and wondered whether dorsalis might not be just a color phase I. erythronotus.  Genetic data confirm that they are sister species but are not members of Phrygilus (Burns et al. 2016 and references therein), as traditionally treated.  Burns et al. (2016) described a new genus, Ephippiospingus, for these two species. Dickinson & Christidis (2014) included them both in Idiopsar.  SACC proposals passed to include in Idiopsar.

 

73. SACC proposal did not pass to change English name to something other than "Carbonated" (because the latter nowadays associated primarily with carbon dioxide injection into beverages).  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) called it “Carbon Finch.”

 

74. Paynter (1970a) suggested that Idiopsar could be merged into Diuca, but genetic data (Campagna et al. 2011) indicate that they are distantly related and that Idiopsar is the sister to Phrygilus erythronotus + P. dorsalis (and thus also a member of the Thraupidae; see Note 6).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

75. Genetic data (Bledsoe 1988, Klicka et al. 2007, Campagna et al. 2011) indicate that Diuca does not belong in the Emberizidae; in fact, it is embedded within the “core tanagers” (Sedano & Burns 2010).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

75a. SACC proposal passed to change the English name of “Short-tailed Finch” to “Boulder Finch”.

 

76. “Diuca speculifera” and D. diuca were considered to form a superspecies by Paynter (1970a) and Sibley & Monroe (1990), but they are not closely related (Burns et al. 2014).  Burns et al. (2016) described a new genus, Chionodacryon, for speculifera.  SACC proposal to recognize Chionodacryon did not pass; SACC proposal passed to include speculifera in Idiopsar.

 

76a. With the transfer of “Diuca speculifera” to Idiopsar (see previous Note), retention of “Diuca-Finch” as an English name no longer makes sense, at least for I. speculifer, and both English names automatically lose their hyphens.  SACC proposal passed on English name for I. speculifer and Diuca diuca.  Thus, the hyphens are now gone altogether.

 

76b. With the transfer of “Diuca speculifera” to Idiopsar (see previous Note), the species name becomes speculifer, the masculine form (P. Clapham, N. David, pers. comms.), because Idiopsar is masculine (Dickinson & Christidis 2014).

 

77.  Genetic data (Campagna et al. 2011) indicate that Melanodera is sister to one of the Phrygilus lineages (see Note 6), and that it is a member of the Thraupidae.  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

78. Called "White-bridled Finch" in Mazar Barnett and Pearman (2001) and Gill and Wright (2006). The Australian estrildid Poephila cincta is also known as "Black-throated Finch," the name formerly used by most New World references.  Called “Canary-winged Finch” by Jaramillo (2011). SACC proposal passed to change to "Canary-winged Finch" but subsequent SACC proposal passed to change to "White-bridled Finch."

 

79. Haplospiza rustica was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) treated in a separate genus, Spodiornis, but Meyer de Schauensee (1966) merged this into Haplospiza. The two species of Haplospiza were considered to form a superspecies by Sibley & Monroe (1990); evidence for treating them as separate species was considered weak by Paynter (1970a).  However, Burns et al. (2014) found that they are not sister species, with H. rustica sister to Central American Acanthidops bairdi; Burns et al. (2016) recommended resurrection of Spodiornis for H. rustica.  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) included all three species in Haplospiza.  SACC proposal did not pass to recognize Spodiornis.

 

80. Smith et al. (2018) showed that Haplospiza plumbea (Vieillot, 1818) has priority over Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis, 1851, but recommended suppression for the sake of stability.

 

81. Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) indicate that Lophospingus is not a member of the Emberizidae but belongs in the Thraupidae; in fact, it is embedded within the “core tanagers” (Sedano & Burns 2010).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

82. Lophospingus pusillus was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Schistospiza, but see Miller (1928) for its merger into Lophospingus.

 

83. Incaspiza pulchra, I. personata, and I. ortizi form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990); I. pulchra and I. personata were considered conspecific by Hellmayr (1938) and Paynter (1970a), but recent classifications have followed Meyer de Schauensee (1966) in treated them as separate species.

 

84. Genetic data indicate that Poospiza belongs in the Thraupidae (Lougheed et al. 2000, Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007, Campagna et al. 2011) and forms a group with Pyrrhocoma, Thlypopsis, Cypsnagra, Nephelornis, Hemispingus, and Cnemoscopus. SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.  Genetic data (Lougheed et al. 2000, Klicka et al. 2007) also indicate that Poospiza is likely polyphyletic.  The comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) confirmed that Poospiza is polyphyletic and should be restricted to P. hispaniolensis, P. rubecula, P. nigrorufa, P. boliviana, and P. ornata.  Additionally, Burns et al. (2016) recommended (1) the transfer of the following species to Poospiza: Hemispingus rufosuperciliaris, H. goeringi, Compsospiza garleppi and C. baeri; (2) resurrection of Poospizopsis for P. caesar and P. hypochondria (see Note 88); (3) recognition of Castanozoster Burns et al. 2016 for P. thoracica; and (4) transfer of remaining species to Microspingus (see Note 12a).  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) resurrected Orospingus, Riley, 1922, for rufosuperciliaris and H. goeringi.  SACC proposals passed to revise generic limits.  SACC proposal needed on English names; See also Note 5a.

 

84a. Dickinson & Christidis (2014) noted that the original spelling was hypocondria and that hypochondria is an unjustified emendation.  SACC proposal to change to hypocondria did not pass.  Elliott (2020) maintained that hypochondria is an unjustified emendation.

 

84b. The hyphenated English group-name “Mountain-Finch” no longer refers to a monophyletic group (e.g. Burns et al. 2016), so the hyphens must be removed.

 

85. Hellmayr (1938) considered Poospiza erythrophrys and P. rubecula to be sister species.  Fjeldså (1992) proposed that Poospiza erythrophrys and P. ornata are sister species based on plumage similarities, as reflected in their placement in traditional linear sequences. Lougheed et al.'s (2000) limited genetic data did not support such a relationship.

 

86. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Andean populations (whitii with wagneri) as a separate species ("Black-and-chestnut Warbling-Finch") from Poospiza nigrorufa, as suggested by Meyer de Schauensee (1966); Sibley & Monroe (1990) treated them as species, and members of a superspecies; Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001) also treated them as separate species. SACC proposal to recognize whitii as separate species did not pass.  Jordan & Areta (2017) provided evidence or treatment of whitii as a separate species.  SACC proposal to recognize whitii as separate species passed.

 

87. Poospiza cabanisi has been traditionally treated as a subspecies of P. lateralis, although Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) suggested that cabanisi might merit treatment as a separate species.  Assis et al. (2007b) presented evidence for treating cabanisi as a separate species. SACC proposal passed to elevate cabanisi to species rank.

 

88. Poospiza caesar was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in a monotypic genus, Poospizopsis; most authors (e.g., Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Sibley & Monroe 1990) have followed Paynter (1970a) in merging it into Poospiza, as suggested by Meyer de Schauensee (1966). Genetic data (Lougheed et al. 2000) indicate that it is not particularly close to other Poospiza except for P. hispaniolensis, and that these two are probably sister species.  Hellmayr (1938) considered Poospiza hispaniolensis and P. torquata to be closely related, and Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suggested that they perhaps should be treated as conspecific; genetic data, however, indicate that they are only distantly related (Lougheed et al. 2000).  The comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) showed that P. caesar and P. hypochondria are sister species that are not members of Poospiza but instead sister to Tiaris; Burns et al. (2016) recommended resurrection of Poospizopsis for these two species (as in Dickinson & Christidis 2014).  SACC proposal passed to recognize Poospizopsis.

 

89. Lougheed et al. (2000) suggested that the southern subspecies pectoralis deserves treatment as a separate species from nominate torquatus based on genetic distance data.

 

90. Poospiza melanoleuca has sometimes been treated as a subspecies of P. cinerea (e.g., Paynter 1970a, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990), but see Short (1975) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) for continued treatment as separate species, as in Hellmayr (1938), Pinto (1944), and Meyer de Schauensee (1966).  Ridgely & Tudor (1989) noted that melanoleuca has priority over cinerea if considered conspecific, contra Paynter (1970a).

 

91. Compsospiza garleppi and C. baeri were traditionally (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) placed in that genus, but Paynter (1970a) merged this into Poospiza, as suggested by Bond (1951), and this treatment has been followed by most authors subsequently.  Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) indicate that baeri is not the sister species to three other Poospiza sampled.  SACC proposal passed to resurrect Compsospiza.  Compsospiza garleppi and C. baeri form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990), and genetic data (Lougheed et al. 2000) support their treatment as sister species; Meyer de Schauensee (1966), Paynter (1970a), and Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) suggested that they might be treated as conspecific.  Burns et al. (2016) based on Burns et al. (2014) recommended that they be transferred back to Poospiza; see Note 84.  SACC proposal passed to transfer to Poospiza.

 

92. Fjeldså (1992) proposed that Poospiza caesar, P. rubecula, P. garleppi, and P. baeri formed a monophyletic group based on plumage similarities, contrary to their placement in traditional linear sequences. Lougheed et al.'s (2000) limited genetic data did not support such a group, and additional genetic data (Burns et al. 2014) refuted this hypothesis.

 

93. Genetic data indicate that the genus Sicalis (based on S. luteola or S. olivascens) belongs in the Thraupidae (Bledsoe 1988, Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.  Sicalis (and Piezorina, Emberizoides, Embernagra, Volatinia, Sporophila, Oryzoborus [now Sporophila], Amaurospiza, Dolospingus [now Sporophila], and Catamenia) was placed with the carduelines by Hellmayr (1938) but then moved to the emberizines by Meyer de Schauensee (1966) based on the morphological data of Tordoff (1954<a or b?>). Paynter (1970a) emphasized that species limits within the genus were uncertain and in need of much study.

 

93a. Kashin (1978) noted that the original spelling of the genus by Lafresnaye was Piezorina, and that the subsequent spelling Piezorhina was an unjustified emendation, and Gregory & Dickinson (2012) agreed.  SACC proposal passed to change to Piezorina.

 

93b. Correct spelling is uropigialis according to Dickinson & Christidis (2014).  SACC proposal needed.

 

94. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Sicalis olivascens and S. lebruni to form a superspecies; they were considered conspecific by Paynter (1970a), as suggested by Meyer de Schauensee (1966).

 

94a. Areta et al. (2012) provided evidence for treatment of the subspecies mendozae as a separate species from Sicalis olivascens.  SACC proposal passed to treat mendozae as separate species.

 

94b. López-Lanús (2017) described a new species, Sicalis holmbergi, from prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina, from a population previously considered to be S. lebruni.  SACC proposal to recognize Sicalis holmbergi did not pass.

 

95. Called "Saffron Yellow-Finch" in Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001).

 

96. "Sicalis striata," known from two specimens from Prov. Buenos Aires and treated as a species by (REF), is now considered to be based on an immature S. flaveola pelzelni (Paynter 1970a, Sibley & Monroe 1990). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

97. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) suggested that the southern subspecies luteiventris might represent a separate species from Sicalis luteola, and it was treated as such by Sibley & Monroe (1990) and AOU (<?> 1983, 1998). Meyer de Schauensee (1966), Ridgely & Tudor (1989), and Hilty (2003) also suggested that the subspecies bogotensis might deserve species rank.

 

98. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Sicalis luteola and S. raimondii to form a superspecies; they were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938) considered conspecific, but Koepcke (1963) found that they were locally sympatric.

 

99. Sicalis taczanowskii was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in the monotypic genus Gnathospiza, but Paynter (1970a) merged this into Sicalis, following the suggestion by Meyer de Schauensee (1966); this treatment has been followed by most subsequent authors (e.g., Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001).

 

100. Evidence for maintaining Emberizoides duidae as a separate species from E. herbicola is weak (Hilty 2003); they were treated as conspecific by Hellmayr (1938), Phelps & Phelps (1950a), and Paynter (1970a); <check Eisenmann & Short 1982>; they form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990).

 

101. Eisenmann & Short (1982) showed that E. ypiranganus is widely sympatric with E. herbicola and thus merits continued recognition as a separate species.

 

102. Genetic data indicate that Emberizoides and Embernagra belong in the Thraupidae (Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007, Campagna et al. 2011) and that Emberizoides and Embernagra are sister taxa (Klicka et al. 2007).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

103. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Embernagra platensis and E. longicauda to form a superspecies.

 

104. Nores et al. (1983) reported sympatry between olivascens and nominate platensis in Córdoba, which would elevate the former to species rank; they were formerly (e.g., REF) treated as separate species but considered conspecific by Meyer de Schauensee (1966). <incorp. Contreras 1980>. Hayes (2003) provided additional evidence for lack of gene flow between the olivascens group and nominate platensis. SACC proposal to treat olivascens group as a separate species did not pass.

 

105. Meyer de Schauensee (1970) called this species "Buff-throated Pampa-Finch", and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) called it "Pale-throated Serra-Finch."

 

106. Genetic data indicate that Volatinia belongs in the Thraupidae (Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007) and may be the sister genus to Conothraupis (Burns et al. 2003).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.  Steadman (1982) proposed that Volatinia be merged with Geospiza, and this was followed by Wetmore et al. (1984); however, nest architecture and genetic data (Burns et al. 2002, Klicka et al. 2007) do not support this.

 

107. Clark (1986) found that Volatinia, Sporophila, Oryzoborus [now Sporophila], Dolospingus [now Sporophila], and Charitospiza share a unique foot scute character that suggests that they form a monophyletic group. Genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007), however, indicate that Volatinia and Sporophila + Oryzoborus are not close relatives.  Mason & Burns (2013) found that Dolospingus was embedded in Sporophila and proposed merger of it into Sporophila.  SACC proposal passed to merge Oryzoborus and Dolospingus into Sporophila.  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) followed this treatment.

 

108. Genetic data (Lijtmaer et al. 2004, Campagna et al. 2009, 2013) indicate that levels of genetic divergence among species in the genus Sporophila are quite low compared to other genera and that some taxa currently treated as species may be paraphyletic. In perhaps no other genus of Neotropical birds are there so many species-level taxa of that are suspected to represent aberrant individuals or hybrids.  Traditionally, relationships within the genus have based on plumage similarities, but these have been shown to be influenced by convergence by Mason & Burns (2013), who found that only 1 of the 7 plumage groups of Ridgely & Tudor (1989) was monophyletic.  SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence.

 

109. Genetic data (Bledsoe 1988, Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007) indicate that Sporophila and Oryzoborus belong in the Thraupidae; some morphological data are consistent with this (Clark 1986).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.  Olson (1981c) provided evidence that there is little morphological evidence for maintaining the genus Oryzoborus as separate from Sporophila, and Wetmore et al. (1984) merged Oryzoborus into Sporophila; the diagnosis of Oryzoborus relies on bill size and shape, which are notoriously unreliable indicators of phylogenetic relationships, although see Stiles (1996). Webster & Webster (1999) also recommended keeping them as separate genera because of differences in skeletal morphology. Sick (1963) noted that intergeneric hybrids were <numerous?>. Genetic data (Lijtmaer et al. 2004) strongly support the merger of Oryzoborus into Sporophila (and provide minimal support for monophyly of Oryzoborus itself). SACC proposal to merge Oryzoborus into Sporophila did not pass.  Mason & Burns (2013) found that Oryzoborus was embedded in Sporophila and proposed merger of it into Sporophila.  SACC proposal passed to merge Oryzoborus and Dolospingus into Sporophila.

 

110. The genus Sporophila was formerly (e.g., REFS, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) known as Spermophila, but see <REF>.

 

111. Genetic data (Lijtmaer et al. 2004, Mason & Burns 2013) indicate that Sporophila falcirostris and S. schistacea are sister species, confirming their traditional placement (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) in linear sequences.

 

111a.  Repenning et al. (2013) described a new species, Sporophila beltoni, for the yellow-billed population of S. plumbea.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Sporophila beltoni.

 

112. Sporophila intermedia may include a cryptic species, S. insularis (Rodner et al. 2000, Restall 2002, Hilty 2003). SACC proposal to recognize insularis as a separate species did not pass.

 

113. Sporophila corvina and S. americana are considered conspecific by most recent authors (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Paynter 1970a, Ridgely & Tudor 1989); Olson's (1981a) study of the contact zone in Panama between corvina and the subspecies hicksii of S. americana suggested complete intergradation between the two, with the taxon "aurita" representing nothing more than a hybrid swarm.  Subsequently, Stiles (1996b) provided rationale for recognition of the corvina and americana groups as separate species, representing a return to the classification of Hellmayr (1938); Stiles (1996b) also treated the subspecies murallae as separate species from S. americana, and this was followed by Dickinson (2003).  Stiles (1996b) also provided rationale for treating S. intermedia as part of this complex. SACC proposal passed to revise species limits.  However, SACC proposal passed to re-examine this and treat murallae as a subspecies of S. americana.

 

114. Stiles (1996b) showed that the correct name for this species group is corvina, not aurita as in many references. <check>

 

115. Sporophila bouvronides was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Paynter 1970a) considered a subspecies of S. lineola, but see Schwartz (1975) for rationale for treating them as separate species, representing a return to the classification of Hellmayr (1938) and Phelps & Phelps (1950a); this treatment has been followed by subsequent authors; they constitute a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990).

 

116. "Sporophila melanops," known only from the type specimen from Goiás, Brazil, and treated as a valid species by Hellmayr (1938) and Pinto (1944), is usually treated as species of uncertain status (Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Sibley & Monroe 1990); Ridgely & Tudor (1989) considered it more likely a variant of S. nigricollis or a hybrid than a valid species. Treated as a valid species by Dickinson et al. (2003) but not by Dickinson & Christidis (2014). Areta et al. (2016) examined the type specimen and determined that it was not a valid taxon but most likely a melanistic S. ruficollis or a hybrid.  See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

117. Sick (1997), based on Sick (1962, 1963), suggested that S. ardesiaca is only a subspecies or variant of S. nigricollis; Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) expressed doubt that ardesiaca was a valid species.  Willis & Oniki (1993b) considered ardesiaca to represent a hybrid between S. nigricollis and S. caerulescens. Dickinson & Christidis (2014) treated it as a subspecies of S. nigricollis. SACC proposal badly needed.

 

118. Genetic data (Lijtmaer et al. 2004, Campagna et al. 2009, 2013, Mason & Burns 2013) indicate that Sporophila bouvreuil (including pileata), S. minuta, S. hypoxantha, S. ruficollis, S. palustris, S. hypochroma, S. cinnamomea, S. nigrorufa, and S. melanogaster form a monophyletic group, as reflected in traditional linear sequences (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) based on plumage similarities. These plumage similarities also suggest that if S. zelichi is a valid species (see Note 32a), then it also belongs in this group (Ridgely & Tudor 1989).  Lijtmaer et al. (2004) included S. castaneiventris in this group, but see Campagna et al. (2009, 2013) and Mason & Burns (2013).  SACC proposal needed to change linear sequence.

 

118a. Described since Meyer de Schauensee (1970): Di Giacomo and Kopuchian (2016); see also Turbek et al. (2021).  SACC proposal passed to recognize Sporophila iberaensis.  Relationship to other Sporophila species uncertain.

 

119. The western subspecies bicolor was formerly (e.g., REF) treated as a separate species from Sporophila leucoptera; Ridgely & Tudor (1989) suggested that bicolor might merit recognition as a separate species.

 

120. Sporophila peruviana was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938) placed in the monotypic genus Neorhynchus.

 

121. The subspecies saturata was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938) considered a separate species from Sporophila bouvreuil, but they were considered conspecific by Meyer de Schauensee (1966).  Machado & Silveira (2011) showed that saturata is not a diagnosable taxon.  They also demonstrated the subspecies pileata is sympatric with S. bouvreuil and therefore should be considered a separate species.  SACC proposal passed to treat pileata as separate species.  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) followed this treatment.  SACC proposal passed to establish English names of S. bouvreuil and S. pileata.  Mason & Burns (2013) found that S. bouvreuil and S. pileata might not be sister species.  Campagna et al. (2013) found not only that they were not sisters, but also that S. bouvreuil was likely the sister to all of the “capuchino” group except for S. minuta.

 

122. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) provided reasons for why Sporophila insulata might be the sister species of S. telasco, rather than to S. minuta, the traditional hypothesis. Sporophila telasco and S. minuta were considered closely related, perhaps sister species, by Hellmayr (1938), but subsequent classifications (e.g., Paynter 1970a) separated them without explanation. Stiles (2004) concluded from plumage characters that S. insulata is indeed more closely related to S. telasco and also that it is more likely a color morph or subspecies of the latter. SACC proposal passed to delete Sporophila insulata as a valid species.  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) followed this treatment.

 

123. Sporophila hypoxantha was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Pinto 1944, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) considered a subspecies of S. minuta, but see Short (1969a); this treatment, a return to the classification of REF, has been followed by subsequent authors (e.g., Paynter 1970a, Ridgely & Tudor 1989). Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered them to form a superspecies, but genetic data (Lijtmaer et al 2004, Campagna et al. 2009, 2013, Mason & Burns 2013) indicate that they are not sister species.

 

123a. Di Giacomo & Kopuchian (2016) described a new species of Sporophila: S. iberaensis.  A competing name for this taxon (“digiacomoi”) was rejected because it did not meet requirements under the ICZN as a valid name.  Turbek et al. (2021) showed that it was reproductively isolated from synoptic S. hypoxantha,  SACC proposal pending to recognize Sporophila iberaensis. 

 

124. Short (1975) suggested that Sporophila ruficollis was not a valid species but a color morph of S. [minuta] hypoxantha; they have been traditionally considered closely related, perhaps sister species (e.g., Hellmayr 1938), as confirmed by Campagna et al. (2013).

 

125. Short (1975) considered Sporophila palustris to be just a color morph of S. ruficollis, but syntopy has not yet been reported (Ridgely & Tudor 1989); Hellmayr (1938) considered it more closely related to S. hypoxantha.

 

126. Hellmayr (1938) pointed out the close relationship between Sporophila hypochroma and S. cinnamomea; Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suggested that they might be conspecific; Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered S. hypochroma and S. cinnamomea to form a superspecies but suggested that hypochroma might just be a color morph of S. cinnamomea. Meyer de Schauensee (1952) considered hypochroma to be a subspecies of S. castaneiventris, but later treated it as a separate species (Meyer de Schauensee 1966), as recently confirmed by genetic data (Lijtmaer et al. 2004, Campagna et al. 2009, 2013), which also indicate that they are not even sister species.

 

127. Narosky (1977) described Sporophila zelichi as a new species, but whether it is a valid species is controversial. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) maintained it as a species but noted that it was perhaps a localized color morph of S. cinnamomea or a hybrid population (S. cinnamomea X S. palustris), as suggested by Vuilleumier & Mayr (1987). Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001) also continued to recognize it as a species. The observations of Azpiroz (2003) suggest that zelichi could be a valid species confined to marsh vegetation. Areta (2008) presented evidence that there is no data to support species rank for zelichi. SACC proposal passed to remove from main list.

 

128. Hellmayr (1936) placed Oryzoborus with the carduelines, but morphological data (Beecher REF, Tordoff 1954<a or b>, Bock 1960) indicated that it was emberizine, where moved by Meyer de Schauensee (1966).

 

129. Olson (1981b,c) and most authors (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Paynter 1970a, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001) have considered S. funerea to be a subspecies of S. angolensis, with the composite English name "Lesser Seed-Finch." However, the nature of gene flow between the two has never been studied adequately; although hybrids occur in the area of contact in northern Colombia, there is no evidence of a hybrid swarm or intergradation (contra Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Hilty 2003) in the area that would indicate free interbreeding between the two; thus, AOU (1983, 1998) continued to rank them as separate species, following Hellmayr (1938). SACC proposal to consider S. funerea and S. angolensis conspecific did not pass.

 

130. Species limits in the large Oryzoborus [now Sporophila] seed-finches are complex, controversial, and need further work. Paynter (1970a) treated them all as conspecific. Meyer de Schauensee (1970x) provided rationale for why S. maximiliani should be treated as a separate species from S. crassirostris; they are broadly sympatric in the Guianas region; however, this sympatry might be only during the nonbreeding season <>(Phelps & Phelps 1950). Treatment as separate species has been followed by most subsequent authors (e.g., Ridgely & Tudor 1989, REFS). However, as outlined by Ridgely & Tudor (1989), placement of some subspecies is likely incorrect. Also, Sibley & Monroe (1990), followed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), treated the subspecies atrirostris (with gigantirostris) as a separate species from S. maximiliani. Hellmayr (1938) treated atrirostris (with gigantirostris) as a separate species. [get TSS to do sentences on atrirostris]. Middle American S. nuttingi was formerly (e.g., REFS) included in S. maximiliani, but see Stiles (1984).

 

136. Called "Large-billed Seed-finch" in Meyer de Schauensee (1970).

 

137. Called "Greater Large-billed Seed-finch" in Meyer de Schauensee (1970).

 

138. Genetic data indicate that Catamenia belongs in the Thraupidae (Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007, Campagna et al. 2011) and forms a group with Diglossa, Acanthidops, Xenodacnis, Diglossa, Haplospiza, and most Phrygilus.  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.  Catamenia was placed with the carduelines by Hellmayr (1938) but then moved to the emberizines by Meyer de Schauensee (1966) based on the morphological data of Beecher (REF) and Tordoff (1954<a or b?>).

 

139. The Santa Marta subspecies oreophila was reluctantly treated as a separate species by Hellmayr (1938), Meyer de Schauensee (1966), and Paynter (1970a), but most recent authors, including Meyer de Schauensee (1970), have treated it as a subspecies of C. homochroa; see Zambrano (1977) for rationale.

 

140. <>Miller (1928) proposed that Charitospiza was closely related to Lophospingus.

 

141. Genetic data indicate that Coryphospingus belongs in the Thraupidae (Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007, Burns & Racicot 2009), as suspected long ago by Paynter (1970a), and forms a group with Lanio, Eucometis, and Tachyphonus.  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

142. Coryphospingus pileatus and C. cucullatus form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990); they hybridize to an uncertain extent in central Brazil (Sick 1993).  Their sister relationship was confirmed by Burns & Racicot (2009).

 

143. Called "Gray Pileated-Finch" in Ridgely & Tudor (1989).

 

144. Called "Red Pileated-Finch" in Ridgely & Tudor (1989) and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001).  Formerly called "Crimson Finch", but this is the long-standing name for the Old World estrildid Neochmia phaeton; see Clements and Shany (2001).

 

145. Paynter (1971) suggested that Rhodospingus might belong in Thraupidae.  Burns & Racicot (2009) found not only that it was a member of the Thraupidae but also that it might be embedded within one group of Tachyphonus.  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

146. The genus Gubernatrix has been placed traditionally in the Emberizidae, sometimes (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) with the cardinal grosbeaks, which in this classification are considered a separate family, Cardinalidae. Paynter (1970a) tentatively included it in the Emberizidae, following Tordoff (1954<a or b?>), who presented morphological data that indicated that Gubernatrix was not related to the cardinalines.  Genetic data indicate that it belongs in the Thraupidae (Campagna et al. 2011).  SACC proposal passed to move to Thraupidae.

 

147. Until recently, the relationships of Coereba remained unresolved, and temporary treatment as a monotypic family (e.g., AOU 1998) seemed warranted. Some authors (Beecher 1951a, Tordoff 1954a, Lowery & Monroe 1968) have included it within the Parulidae, and others (e.g., Bledsoe 1988) have included it within the Thraupidae; the most recent genetic data set (Burns et al. 2002) provides strong support for a monophyletic group consisting of Coereba, Tiaris, and the Galapagos finches (including Pinaroloxias), as well as Caribbean genera Euneornis, Loxigilla, Loxipasser, Melanospiza, Melopyrrha; this group appears to be embedded within the thraupine lineage. Lovette & Bermingham's (2002) genetic data were also consistent with placement of Coereba in the Thraupidae. SACC proposal passed to abandon the family name "Coerebidae" and to move Coereba elsewhere. SACC proposal passed to move next to Tiaris and Galapagos "finches", and to place them all in Incertae Sedis category.

 

148. Genetic data indicate that Tiaris belongs in the Thraupidae (Burns et al. 2002, 2003) as part of a group that includes Coereba, the Galapagos finches, and several Caribbean genera (see also Sato et al. 2001, Yuri and Mindell 2002, Klicka et al. 2007). SACC proposal passed to move Tiaris and Galapagos "finches" next to Coereba, and to place them all in Incertae Sedis category. Tiaris itself is also paraphyletic, with minimally olivaceus, the type species of the genus, not being not particularly close to other "Tiaris." Tiaris had formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, AOU 1957) been placed with the cardinalines, and then with the emberizines based on skeletal morphology (Tordoff 1954a).

 

149. Tiaris is masculine, so the correct spellings of the species names are olivaceus, obscurus, and fuliginosus (David & Gosselin 2002b).

 

150. Tiaris obscurus was formerly placed in the genus Sporophila and known as "Dull-colored Seedeater" (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1970), but nest structure and voice indicate that it belonged in Tiaris s.l. (Paynter 1970a, Ridgely & Tudor 1989), as confirmed by recent genetic (Burns et al. 2002, Lijtmaer et al. 2004) and morphological (Clark 1986) data.  Genetic data (Lijtmaer et al. 2004) indicate that Tiaris fuliginosus and T. obscurus are sister species.  The comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015) showed that these two species are not closely related to Tiaris; Burns et al. (2016) described a new genus, Asemospiza, for these two species.  SACC proposal passed to recognize Asemospiza.

 

151. Based on the comprehensive phylogenies of Burns et al. (2014) and Barker et al. (2015), Burns et al. (2016) recommended the transfer of Tiaris bicolor to Melanospiza (as in Dickinson & Christidis 2014).  SACC proposal passed to transfer T. bicolor to Melanospiza.

 

152. Genetic data indicate that the Galapagos finches belong in the Thraupidae (Burns et al. 2002, 2003) as part of a group that includes Coereba, Tiaris, and several Caribbean genera (see also Akie et al. 2001, Sato et al. 2001, Yuri and Mindell 2002, Klicka et al. 2007). SACC proposal passed to move Tiaris and Galapagos "finches" next to Coereba, and to place them all in Incertae Sedis category. Classification of Galapagos finches based on Petren et al. (1999), Sato et al. (1999, 2001), and Burns et al. (2002), who found that resurrection of Platyspiza for crassirostris is required to keep Camarhynchus from being paraphyletic (and that extralimital Pinaroloxias is embedded within the Galapagos finches). <incorp. Freeland and Boag 1999a.> Dickinson & Christidis (2014) resurrected Platyspiza for crassirostris.  The Galapagos finches were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938) placed in a separate subfamily, Geospizinae, from other sparrows and finches, but were placed in the Emberizinae by Mayr and Amadon (1951) and Tordoff (1954a). Subsequent genetic data (e.g., Petren et al. 1999, Sato et al. 1999, 2001, Burns et al. 2002) have confirmed the monophyly of the group.

 

153. Genetic data (Petren et al. 1999, Sato et al. 1999, 2001, Burns et al. 2002, Lamichhaney et al. 2015) indicate that Certhidea is sister to all other Galapagos finches.  Lamichhaney et al. (2015) also found that Camarhynchus Gould, 1837, is embedded in Geospiza Gould, 1837.  SACC proposal badly needed.  Lamichhaney et al. (2015) also found that Platyspiza is paraphyletic with respect to Geospiza.  SACC proposal badly needed.

 

154. Freeland & Boag (1999b), Petren et al. (1999), and Tonnis et al. (2005) found that C. olivacea consists of two distinct lineages. Tonnis et al. (2005) found that the two lineages were associated with habitat differences among islands, with one (olivacea) found on islands with moist upland woodland and the other (fusca) found on drier woodland on low islands; the two lineages show no signs of reproductive isolation (Grant & Grant 2002). SACC proposal passed to recognize C. fusca as a separate species.

 

155. "Camarhynchus conjunctus," known from two specimens from Floreana (= Charles) and treated as a valid species by Hellmayr (1938), is considered a probable hybrid (Camarhynchus parvulus X Certhidea olivaceus) (Lack 1947, Paynter 1970a). "Camarhynchus aureus," known from one specimen from San Cristóbal (= Chatham) and treated as a valid species by Hellmayr (1938), is also considered a probable hybrid (Camarhynchus parvulus X Certhidea olivaceus) (Lack 1947, Paynter 1970a). "Camarhynchus giffordi," known from one specimen from Indefatigable and treated as a valid species by Hellmayr (1938), is also considered an aberrant C. pallidus or hybrid (Camarhynchus pallidus X Certhidea olivaceus) (Lack 1947, Paynter 1970a). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.

 

156. Camarhynchus pallida and C. heliobates were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938) treated in a separate genus, Cactospiza, but REFS and Paynter (1970a) merged this into Camarhynchus; this merger is strongly supported by genetic data (Freeland & Boag 1999b, Petren et al. 1999, Sato et al. 1999, 2001).

 

157. The subspecies affinis and habeli were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938) both considered a separate species from Camarhynchus psittacula, but REFS and Paynter (1970a) treated them as conspecific.

 

158. Petren et al. (2005) showed that Geospiza difficilis might be polyphyletic, with the central island populations perhaps sister to most of the Darwin’s Finches, although microsatellite and mtDNA differ in the pattern of relationship of different populations.  Lamichhaney et al. (2015) showed that difficilis consists of three species, with acutirostris of Genovesa and septentrionalis of Wolf and Darwin elevated to species rank.  SACC proposal passed to recognize three species.  SACC proposal passed to modify English names.

 

159. See Paynter (1970a) over concerns that the name nebulosa may have priority for this species.

 

160. Large and small beak morphs of Geospiza fortis show positive assortative mating on Santa Cruz Island (Huber et al. 2007).

 

161. Petren et al. (2005) found that the Española population of Geospiza conirostris may be distinct enough to deserve separation as a species.  Lamichhaney et al. (2015) found that conirostris consists of two species, with propinqua of Genovesa elevated to species rank.  SACC proposal passed to recognize three species.  SACC proposal passed to establish English names.

 

162. Parkerthraustes humeralis was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Pinto 1944, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Paynter 1970c, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Sibley & Monroe 1990) placed in the genus Caryothraustes; for rationale for generic separation of Parkerthraustes from Caryothraustes, as anticipated by Hellmayr (1938), see Demastes & Remsen (1994) and Remsen (1997). Recent genetic data (Klicka et al. 2007) confirm that Parkerthraustes is not only not part of Caryothraustes but also not a cardinaline and that it likely belongs in the Thraupidae. SACC proposal passed to transfer to Thraupidae.

 

163. Saltator grossus and S. fuliginosus are sister allotaxa (Chaves et al. 2013) that might be best treated as conspecific (Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Ridgely & Tudor 1989); evidence for treatment of the two species as separate species is weak; they were treated as conspecific by Paynter (1970c) and as forming a superspecies by Sibley & Monroe (1990).

 

164. Klicka et al. (2007) found strong genetic support for a sister relationship between Saltator and core Thraupidae. Sushkin (1924) proposed that Saltator was thraupine, not emberizine/cardinaline. SACC proposal passed to transfer Saltator from Cardinalidae to Incertae Sedis. SACC proposal to transfer to Thraupidae did not pass.  Barker et al. (2013) found that Saltator and Saltatricula were embedded in the Thraupidae.  SACC proposal passed to transfer to Thraupidae.  Chavez et al. (2013) found that relationships within the genus are not consistent with the current linear sequence of species.  SACC proposal passed to revise linear sequence.

 

165. Saltator grossus and S. fuliginosus were formerly placed in the genus Pitylus (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Pinto 1944, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Paynter 1970c); for merger of Pitylus into Saltator, see Hellack & Schnell (1977), Tamplin et al. (1993), Demastes and Remsen (1994), Klicka et al. (2007), and Chaves et al. (2013).

 

166. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Saltator coerulescens, S. similis, and S. maxillosus to form a superspecies, but see Note 11.

 

167. Hilty (2003) treated the Middle American grandis subspecies group as a separate species from the nominate South American Saltator coerulescens group, a return to the classification of (REF). Hilty (2003) also indicated that vocal differences within South America suggest that additional species may be involved.  The gene tree of Chavez et al. (2013) is consistent with treating the Middle American and northern South American grandis group as a separate species: if striatipectus is treated as a separate species, it is the sister to the South American coerulescens group, making broadly defined coerulescens paraphyletic.  Boesman (2016) found evidence for three distinct vocal groups within coerulescens.  SACC proposal passed to revise species limits in the group.  SACC proposal passed to establish new names for the species in the group.

 

168. Hellmayr (1938) considered Saltator maxillosus and S. aurantiirostris conspecific, and Short (1975) reported that S. maxillosus and S. aurantiirostris hybridize extensively in Corrientes, Argentina.

 

169. Saltator nigriceps was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Paynter 1970c, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990) considered conspecific with S. aurantiirostris, but most recent classifications have followed Meyer de Schauensee (1966) in considering them separate species owing to differences in bill and tail shape and body size. They are parapatric (Ridgely & Tudor 1989), and Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered them to form a superspecies; they evidently differ in vocalizations (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001).  Klicka et al. (2007) and Chaves et al. (2013) found that nigriceps was actually basal to ((S. aurantiirostris + S. maxillosus) + (S. grossus + S. fuliginosus)).

 

170. Saltator striatipectus was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Paynter 1970c) considered conspecific with S. albicollis ("Lesser Antillean Saltator"), but see Seutin et al. (1993) for a return to the classification of (REF); Seutin et al. (1993) also suggested that additional South American taxa might deserve recognition as separate species.  However, Chaves et al. (2013) found that Saltator striatipectus was indeed part of the S. albicollis/S. coerulescens group.  SACC proposal passed to revise linear sequence.

 

171. Inclusion of S. cinctus and S. atricollis in Saltator was questioned by Hellack and Schnell (1977)(? REFs).  However, Chaves et al. (2013) found that S. cinctus was deeply embedded in Saltator.  See also Note 172.

 

172. Saltatricula, traditionally placed in the Emberizidae, is one of many "emberizine" genera for which genetic data (Burns et al. 2003) suggest a closer relationship to the Thraupidae. Klicka et al. (2007) found that it was embedded within the genus Saltator (and that Saltator itself was close to if not sister to Thraupidae) and that its sister species was Saltator atricollis. SACC proposal passed to transfer out of Emberizidae and place next to Saltator. SACC proposal to merge into Saltator did not pass. Chaves et al. (2013) confirmed the sister relationship between Saltator atricollis and Saltatricula multicolor and found that these two were the sister taxon to all other Saltator; therefore, Saltatricula should be merged into Saltator, or atricollis should be transferred to Saltatricula. SACC proposal passed to revise linear sequence.  SACC proposal to merge Saltatricula into Saltator did not pass.  Dickinson & Christidis (2014) moved atricollis to Saltatricula.  Burns et al. (2016) recommended that Saltatricula be merged into Saltator.  SACC proposal passed to place atricollis in Saltatricula.

 

 

Acknowledgments: Summer Wilson has provided detailed, extensive editorial comments and substantive additions.  Eric D. Maxwell, IT Analyst in the Dept. Biological Sciences, LSU, has been indispensable in helping with an assortment of technical problems with the website.  We also thank Alexandre Aleixo, Jenny Angarita, David Ascanio, Richard C. Banks, F. Keith Barker, Frederik Brammer, Mark Brown, Craig Caldwell, Olivier Claessens, Nigel Cleere, James F. Clements, Normand David, Thomas Donegan, Mario Cohn-Haft, Katrina Cook, Normand David, Edward C. Dickinson, Mark Elwonger, Allaina Ferguson, Rosendo Fraga, Juan Freile, Kimball Garrett, David Gibson, Peter R. Grant, Alan Grenon, Carole Griffiths, Floyd E. Hayes, Sebastian Herzog, Steven L. Hilty, Peter Houde, Rich Hoyer, Marshall J. Iliff, Morton L. Isler, Olaf Jahn, Kevin P. Johnson, Tjeerd B. Jongeling, Peter Kaestner, Peter Kovalik, Niels Krabbe, Marek Kuziemko, Daniel F. Lane, Daniel Lebbin, Denis Lepage, Arne J. Lesterhuis, Mark Lockwood, Curtis A. Marantz, Kevin G. McCracken, Sjoerd Mayer, Jeremy Minns, William S. Moore, Robert G. Moyle, Mark Mulhollam, John Penhallurick, Sergio Pereira, Alan Peterson, Manuel A. Plenge, Paulo C. Pulgarín R., Mike Ramos, Robin Restall, Michael Rieser, Duncan Ritchie, Clemencia Rodner, Jan Axel Cubilla Rodríguez, Frederick H. Sheldon, Paul Smith, Joseph Tobias, Paul van Els, Jason D. Weckstein, and Robin Woods.